ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Integrated reverse supply chain model for food waste based on industry 4.0 revolutions: A case study of producing the household waste recycling machine

Sharareh Mohajeri1, Fatemeh Harsej2*, Mahboubeh Sadeghpour3, Jahanfar Khaleghi Nia4

1Department of Industrial Engineering, Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran;

2Department of Industrial Engineering, Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran;

3Department of Industrial Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran;

4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran

Abstract

The present research offeres a model to the advantage of operations for the food reverse supply chain by performancing Industry 4.0 Revolutions model of expanding a fuzzy multi-phase model for the food waste gathering reverse supply chain. This study introduces, a household waste recycling machine, which symbolizes the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. Also, electric-type vehicles have been considered for collection and delivery in accordance with the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. The rate of technology has been described in recycling stations. Several methods with different technologies to recycle food waste have been selected and assessed based on the Industry 4.0 Revolutions indicators. The food wastes are sent to recycling stations, that is places maintained, operated or used to store, buy or sell wastes before they recycled with appropriate technology. The understudy model is multi-objective, maximizing the benefit of recycling and customer response and minimizing the adverse effects of environmental pollution and transportation costs. In this research, the whale optimization algorithm is applied. The present work proposes an end-to-end solution for Reverse Supply Chain Management for food waste based on the Industry 4.0 Revolutions.

Key words: Reverse supply chain, Food waste, Industry 4.0 Revolutions, recycling machine

*Corresponding author: Fatemeh Harsej, Department of Industrial Engineering, Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran. Email: [email protected]

Received: 15 October 2021; Accepted: 11 November 2021; Published: 8 December 2021

DOI: 10.15586/qas.v13i4.1002

© 2021 Codon Publications

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Introduction

The Industry 4.0 Revolutions is determined as a modern kind of organization and the total value chain of production life cycle control (Neugebauer et al., 2016). The primary aim of Industry 4.0 Revolutions was to facilitate-management of order, research and development, startups, transfer to usage, and recycling of products (Thoben et al., 2017). Environmentally, food waste contributes to climate change. As food waste decomposes, it emits a greenhouse gas, methane, which is about 28 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Project Drawdown ranks decreased food waste as the best way to decrease global warming and has hypothesized that decreasing food waste on a global scale would help to decrease 87.4 gigatons of CO2 until 2050 (Wilkinson, 2020). Food waste is major problem for all nations and has several economic and environmental repercussions (Filimonau et al., 2020). Food waste is the unused portion of edible food, which includes materials for human consumption that are subsequently lost, reduced, discharged, or envenomed (Smith & Landry, 2021); household food waste is a major contributor to global food waste.It is the result of consumer-decisions, with regard to preparing extra-large meals, buying too much food, and not reusing food leftovers (Boulet et al., 2021). Global statistics have shown that close to 800 million people are facing undernourishment or suffering from starvation (Bravi et al., 2020). Global food waste is valued at $1 trillion annually, causing a significant financial burden (Septianto et al., 2020). Scholars have ratiocinated that waste reduction must be the primary operator with recycling as a secondary operator in waste decreasing strategies (Kim et al., 2020). In this research, by making a compost machine, the wet waste is processed in a compact and dry way for recycling, and by using the intelligent recycling application system, food waste is collected from every house. The use of the green approach in the manufacturing of this device is quite evident. This device will have a significant impact on the management of the environment and natural resources, as management of food recycling is an important issue these days. Recycling is the conversion of used products in to similar or other usable products. The first point is that limited resources are not renewable, and eventually, these resources will run out 1 day. Recycling commodities results in less use of these raw resources. The second benefit is that it saves energy and also uses lower energy for manufacturing products. The third advantage is that it benefits from food waste, which if unused will spoil the surroundings and have irreparable consequences.

The solution presented in this research is composting of food waste. While universities and policymakers have considered waste management in recent decades, poor waste management has been recognized as both an economic and environmental issue (Agovino et al. 2019). Developed countries, especially Japan, started waste management early and have made significant progress in building an urban recycling system (Geng et al., 2010). Studies and conclusions of several articles in waste management have proved that it can be effectually waste a composted minimum of 27% (Neugebauer and Solowiej, 2017).

However, while 68% of household waste can be recycled or composted, only a tiny fraction is recycled.

Waste recycling conserves environmental resources, reduces energy consumption, greenhouse gases, costs and ameliorates climate change, and reduces costs (Waqas et al., 2017). In this research, the approach of the Industry 4.0 Revolutions has been used. In this regard, the Internet is used because the world is facing sustainable challenges and technological advances in digitalization and automation. Industry 4.0 Revalutions encompasses the digital, physical, and biological universes and influences the whole industry. The categories of Industry4.0 Revolution will be implemented not just in future industries but will also have negative and positive effects on the nature of the world of business (Waqas et al., 2017). Development towards the Industry 4.0 Revolutions has already had a significant impact, and this is based on the creation of intelligent factories, intelligent products, and smart services that use the Internet and services embedded on the Internet (Stock and Seliger, 2017). The construction of an intelligent food waste recycling machine will significantly help optimize recycling methods and prevent further pollution of the enviroment and adverse effects on human health. Reverse logistics is characterized as all coordination exercises for items that have come to the conclusion of their lifetime or need an arrangement of forms to progress. One of the usage of reverse logistics and one of the essential coordinations practices within the show term is collecting civil waste, which starts with rubbish collecting and finishes with the waste reusing handle (Habibi et al., 2017).

On the other hand, the world also faces technological advances in digitalization and automation in addition to sustainable challenges. A range of new technologies can define Industry 4.0 Revolutions. The Industry 4.0 Revolutions paradigm advances the relation of physical points like devices, sensors, and organizational assets connecting with the Internet. In this study, a model for the reverse supply chain of food waste has been propounded with uncertain situations based on the model of the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. The supply chain contains distributing stations, collecting stations, customer stations, recycling stations, and landfilling stations. In this model, food waste is collected from customer stations and sent to recycling or disposal stations. Recycled food wastes are sent from recycling stations to distributing stations and to customer-stations. Electric-type vehicles have been considered for collecting and delivery in accordance the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. Also, the technology rate has been defined in recycling centers.

Giacomo and Giosp (2019), in an article entitled, “Recycling and Waste Production: Estimating the Impact of Recycling Programs on Resource Reduction” postulated the following results:

  1. A 10% growth in recycling is related to 1.5 to 2% reduction in whole urban losses.

  2. Collecting programs decrease waste generation by around 4%, increase recycling by about 10%, and raise the marginal influence of recycling on the minimization of waste. Minimum 23% of the all impact occurs just if That recycling is the conclusion of this program. Almazán et al. (2019), used structured surveys to extract information on household waste disposal methods and identify the most critical features to encourage household participation. Participation in waste collection services will provide a suitable alternative to the current waste management strategy, such as economic incentive programs and considering the importance of environmental conditions and the role of women and children in waste management and recycling.

In an article entitled, “Intrinsic Motivation in Household Waste Recycling: The Case of Italy in the Year 1998,” a 1998 Italian study using a data set from the Italian National Institute of Statistics and five probit models, provides an insight into the non-economic factors that drive household recycling activities.

The above article deals with the direct relationship between (i) production and disposal of waste, (ii) pollution, (iii) climate change, (iv) reduction of resources and (v) environmental changes and recycling.

Werffa et al. (2019) used a multilevel modeling method that uses all the experimental measurements; it was concluded that information strategies could Increase the effectiveness of these strategies and the consequences and results, effectively reducing household waste.

Bottani and Casella (2018) investigated the sustainable closed-loop supply chain by decreasing environmental pollutant- emissions. They developed a model for this problem and solved it using a simulation tool for a case study. Tosarkani and Amin (2018) investigated the multi-product closed-loop supply chain in the battery industry. They developed a multi-objective mathematical model and solved it using the Epsilon restriction method. Liu et al. (2018) studied the Internet of Things as a reverse supply chain stimulator (amplification). A real-time data assessment model with the capacity of IoT is created to detect and record real-time logistics data in the survey. Wang et al. (2018) investigated reverse logistics optimization for bicycle sharing and bicycle recovery. In this study, logistics costs and reverse customer satisfaction have been observed in significant areas. The model creates a reverse logistics network for defective shared bicycles. A modified genetic simulated algorithm has been used to solve the model. The results confirmed the usefulness of the modified genetic simulated algorithm. Casper and Sundin (2018) repeating of reverse logistics, packing, transporting and reverse material current to vehicles. This study aimed to prepare the structure for managing reverse material circulation in the car industry, affirming reproductive processes.

Zhou et al. (2019) investigated the development, challenges, and early experiences of systems based on COPD disease management. The system consists of mobile APPs, a spirometer, a 1M box, and a database that utilizes a 1M box to collect cure data from the Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, the largest healthcare provider, and follow-up information for stable patients from 11 primary hospitals. Intelligent applications for mobile were made for the sick and physicians to institute direct connections to improve sickness control. The outcomes showed that the IoT system facilitates the collecting, storing, conducting, and analyzing of information and improves COPD managements excellent potential. Manavalan and Jayakrishna (2019) investigated IoT in a sustainable supply chain for industrial needs based on the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. Their study aimed to inquire about the different aspects of supply chain management and the Industry 4.0 Revolutions and discover potential opportunities in the sustainable supply chain with IoT to transform Industry 4.0 Revolutions. In the study, the practical factors of the sustainable supply chain were comprehensively evaluated. According to this investigation, a framework was proposed to assess different perspectives of supply chain readiness to meet the requirements of the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. The model's conceptual framework has been made up of five crucial perspectives on supply chain management, including trade, technology, sustainable development, cooperation, and management strategy. This research provides criteria that companies can evaluate to achieve numerous studies that have ever been conducted on reverse logistics problems and developed readiness for change in Industry 4.0 Revolutions. Producing household waste recycling machine, a way for reverse supply chain by using Industry 4.0 Revolutions. It has not been conscious in last studies and the present study is new in this field. Following these explanations about the reverse supply chain and Industry 4.0 Revolutions.We will explain the construction of an intelligent home composting machine, which will significantly help optimize recycling methods and prevent further pollution of the earth and human and environmental health. In general, waste separation on a wet and dry basis is important in food waste management and different devices for waste separation take different steps for recycling. In this plan, the primary focus is on building a device that can help the recycling cycle in the Industry 4.0 Revolutions, generate income for households, and ensure the industry's sustainability.

Stratman and Novak (1971), introduced a waste compactor (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Patent device (Stratman and Novak, 1973).

It should be noted that the device intended for this waste compaction is bulky. The mechanism of the device is shown in Figure 1.

Borowski et al. (2013), registered a container that is used for waste disposal and recycling. This container has several partitions so that people can put different wastes separately, which makes recycling easy.

In 2013, CN 104670533A, a Chinese patent, a new method for waste recycling was introduced. In this method, waste is collected purposefully for recycling. This method uses wireless electronic technology to collect garbage bags that contain targeted materials for recycling.

In 2015, CN 204545223U, a Chinese patent, a recycling machine was introduced. This recycling machine is used for shredding waste plastics and automatic packaging of plastic powders. The machine includes a plastic crusher, a plastic powder receiving machine, transport and packaging bins located on either side of the plastic powder receiving machine used to carry plastic powder.

In 2015,CN 105202546A, Chinese patent, a machine for recycling waste was introduced. The schematic of the device is in Figure 2. This machine deals with waste pressing straightforwardly.

Figure 2. Patent devices 105202546A, Chinese patent (2015).

In 2015, CN 204448233U, Chinese patent, a solid organic waste recycling machine was invented. This consists of a feeding system, a pyrolysis furnace, a heating system, and an evacuation system. The apparatus is equipped with a preheating chamber, a furnace body, a pulp chamber, and a comb from top to bottom.

In 2018, KR 101870415B1, Korean patent, an environmentally friendly waste recycling device was introduced. This device includes a feeding device, a crushing chamber, and a screening chamber in which the lower part of the feeding device is connected to the crushing chamber flux hopper. Inside the crushing chamber is a crushing roller. To the right of the first crushing roller is the second crushing roller. The first and second crusher rollers are connected to a drive motor via a rotary shaft. This machine can collect and dispose of concrete waste and stones at construction sites. In other words, this machine turns waste into wealth.

Methodology

This study used Gray fuzzy number analysis, VIKOR method, and archival multi-objective whale optimization algorithm(WOA) to measure the effective technology criteria and solve the mathematical model.

In step one, multi-criteria decision subject has m nonprofit drafts containing A1, A2, A3, …, Am-1, Am and n basis containing C1, C2, C3, …, Cn-1, Cn. N criteria measure every option. The full valuation is related to the drafts by contemplation of X’s decision matrix (=xij)m×n. In the next step, the VIKOR method algorithm was used. Then, for the proposed algorithms structure, the WOA was used. At the last step, the NSGAII algorithm was applied as like as WOA.

Problem Definition

This model-s specifications and capabilities in the effective technological factors of choice for waste disposal, collecting, and recycling have been considered in Table 1.

Table 1. Effective factors.

Dimension Subcomponent
Technological Intelligent and connected devices
New data acquisition and technologies of communication
Resilient infrastructure
Standards of technology
Economic Costs of investment for the development of technology and localization
The efficacy of process that choosing in the commercial time
Technology transfer costs
Social Citizen joining in
Green behavior
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating
Environmental Green collection, recycling, and disposal
The issues relevant to contamination and emissions of energy
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life

The understudy reverse supply chain of the present research contains the steps of distributing stations, clients, collecting stations, recycling stations, and landfill stations. In the proposed model, wastes are collected from client stations and sent to recycling or landfill stations. Recycled wastes are sent from recycling stations to distribution stations and from distribution stations to clients. Electric-type vehicles have been considered for collection and delivery accordance with the Industry 4.0 Revolutions. Also, the technology rate has been defined as in recycling stations. Several methods with different technologies to recycle wastes have been selected and weighted based on the indicators of the Industry 4.0 Revolutions and the wastes are sent to recycling centers based on the technology weight.

3-1. The proposed mathematical model

Model defuzzification

In this model, the capacity and facility cost parameters are considered as fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy number ranking method of Jimenez et al. (2007) was used for the defuzzification of the model.

min z=c˜xaxb˜x0

In the present study, the ranking method provided by Jimenez was used. The Triangular fuzzy number will be written as follows in (Figure 3) if : A˜=L,M,u:

Computational consequence

Criteria weight

Figure 3. Triangular fuzzy number.

In the ahead part, one question sheet was prepared for10 statistic sample particulars. The data were prepared to count their mean. The counted mean values are changed to whole numbers between 1 and 7. Afterward, the whole numbers were converted to faraway fuzzy numbers, and eventually, data analysis was performed in due course. Datum are changed to distant fuzzy numbers in the decision matrix in Table 2.

Table 2. The decision matrix.

Sub Technological Economic Social Environmental
main
Intelligent and connected devices (3.5,1.5);5;(6.6,7.3) (0,1.4);3(4.4,6.6) (1,0.5);1;(2.5,3.5) (1,4,2.5);3(4.4,5.6)
New data acquisition and technologies of communication (1,0.5);1;(2.5,4.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (0,1.5);3(4.5,5.5) (0,0.5);1;(2.5,3.5)
Resilient infrastructure (2.5,3.4);5;(6.3,7.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,6.5) (4.5,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5)
Standards of technology (0,1.5);4(4.5,5.5) (0,1.5);4(4.5,5.6) (0,1.5);4(4.5,5.5) (0,1.5);4(4.5,5.5)
Costs of investment for the development of technology and localizating (0,0.5);1;(2.5,3.5) (0,1.4);3(4.5,5.5) (0,0.5);1;(2.5,3.5) (0,1.5);3(4.5,5.5)
The efficacy of process in selecting the commercial term (0,1.5);3(4.5,5.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (0,1.5);3(4.5,5.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5)
Technology transfer costs (0,0.6);1;(2.5,3.5) (2.4,3.6);5;(6.5,7.5) (0,1.5);3(4.4,5.6) (2.5,6.5);4;(6.5,7.5)
Citizen joining in (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (4.5,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5)
Green behavior (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (0,0.5);1;(2.5,3.5) (4.5,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);4;(6.5,7.5)
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,6.5) (4.5,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (0.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5)
Green collection, recycling, and disposal (3.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (4,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (2.5,3.5);6;(6.5,7.5)
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy (2.5,3.6);5;(6.5,8.5) (5.5,7.5);9;(9.4,10) (4.5,5.5);7(8,9.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.6,7.5)
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life (0.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (2.5,3.5);5;(6.5,7.5) (4.5,5.5);7(8,10.5) (2.5,4.5);5;(6.5,7.4)

After decision matrix-forming, the standardized R˜ decision matrix was counted. In the third stage, the spacing among the referral values and every comparison value was counted. The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

Table 3. The ξii1 value.

Sub/main Information Technological Economical Social Environmental Legal
Intelligent and connected devices 0.527 0.788 0.798 0.685 0.499 0.922
New data acquisition and technologies of communication 0.538 0.658 0.576 0.571 0.570 0.594
Resilient infrastructure 0.525 0.702 0.556 0.538 0.541 0.546
Standards of technology 0.511 0.652 0.539 0.585 0.542 0.541
Costs of Investment for the development of technology and localization 0.850 0.600 0.508 0.563 0.601 0.535
The efficacy of process that choosing in the commercial term 0.678 0.506 0.597 0.602 0.564 0.574
Technology transfer costs 0.579 0.546 0.668 0.896 0.610 0.830
Citizen joining in 0.624 0.628 0.623 0.526 0.606 0.560
Green behavior 0.587 0.519 0.553 0.506 0.600 0.538
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating 0.853 0.668 0.552 0.605 0.548 0.544
Green collection, recycling and disposal 0.638 0.623 0.625 0.648 0.528 0.535
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy 0.518 0.554 0.492 0.622 0.567 0.526
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life 0.617 0.554 0.573 0.603 0.604 0.525

Table 4. The ξii2 value.

Sub/main Information Technological Economical Social Environmental Legal
Intelligent and connected devices 0.599 0.502 0.505 0.565 0.568 0.799
New data acquisition and technologies of communication 0.668 0.539 0.548 0.598 0.549 0.576
Resilient infrastructure 0.712 0.576 0.535 0.624 0.529 0.556
Standards of technology 0.462 0.528 0.518 0.558 0.521 0.539
Costs of investment for development of technology and localization 0.611 0.566 0.858 0.610 0.578 0.518
The efficacy of process in the commercial term 0.470 0.586 0.555 0.569 0.545 0.535
Technology transfer costs 0.568 0.514 0.528 0.512 0.568 0.522
Citizen joining in 0.670 0.586 0.579 0.501 0.565 0.628
Green behavior 0.762 0.491 0.531 0.488 0.557 0.506
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating 0.532 0.573 0.517 0.557 0.523 0.617
Green collection, recycling and disposal 0.559 0.504 0.866 0.899 0.501 0.818
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy 0.613 0.476 0.868 0.977 0.732 0.497
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life 0.729 0.745 0.741 0.593 0.699 0.761

In this stage, the maximum values of δmax1 and δmax2, as well as the minimum values of δmin1 and δmin2, were counted. In stage four, the values of gray rational ratios of ξij2 and ξij1 are also counted. The results are presented in Tables 5 and 6.

Table 5. The ξii1 value.

Sub/main Information Technological Economical Social Environmental Legal
Intelligent and connected devices 0.991 0.989 0.989 0.969 0.988 0.991
New data acquisition and technologies of communication 0.953 0.982 0.980 0.970 0.986 0.988
Resilient infrastructure 0.973 0.971 0.986 0.972 0.989 0.953
Standards of technology 0.993 0.978 0.991 0.985 0.991 0.989
Costs of investment for the development of technology and localization 0.966 0.969 0.989 0.991 0.991 0.994
The efficacy of process in the commercial term 0.998 0.983 0.977 0.969 0.988 0.983
Technology transfer costs 0.973 0.991 0.988 0.989 0.988 0.979
Citizen joining in 0.965 0.955 0.959 0.991 0.990 0.990
Green behavior 0.970 0.989 0.988 0.988 0.949 0.979
stakeholders intelligently cooperating 0.978 0.972 0.992 0.969 0.992 0.989
Green collectionng, recycling and disposal 0.985 0.995 0.973 0.959 0.989 0.993
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy 0.975 0.988 1 0.967 0.978 0.988
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life 0.979 0.979 0.981 0.969 0.988 0.988

Table 6. The ξii2 value.

Sub/main Information Technological Economic Social Environmental Legal
Intelligent and connected devices 0.987 0.983 0.988 0.972 0.983 0.991
New data acquisition and technologies of communication 0.995 0.969 0.991 0.973 0.989 0.976
Resilient infrastructure 0.994 0.982 0.994 0.975 0.987 0.969
Standards of technology 0.998 0.986 0.975 0.985 0.988 0.978
Costs of investment for the development of technology and localization 0.989 0.967 0.964 0.991 0.983 0.988
The efficacy of process in the commercial term 0.998 0999 0.969 0.982 0.976 0.978
Technology transfer costs 0.991 0.984 0.985 0.975 0.986 0.989
Citizen joining in 0.981 0.980 0.982 0.980 0.989 0.972
Green behavior 0.970 0.984 0.987 0.986 0.989 0.979
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating 0.983 0.988 0.979 0.988 0.981 0.991
Green collection, recycling and disposal 0.973 0.995 0.984 0.972 0.988 0.992
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy 0.994 0.976 0.972 0.984 0.979 0.989
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life 0.991 0.984 0.988 0.975 0.981 0.988

In the next stage, the grade of gray relations must be assessed by the weight of evaluation criteria presented in Table 7. Rather than determining sub-criteria weight, the rate of the approximation of gray relations and the final weight of main factors were specified in Table 8.

Table 7. The criteria weight.

Sub/criteria Weight
Intelligent and connected devices 0.0490
New data acquisition and technologies of communication 0.0488
Resilient infrastructure 0.0491
Standards of technology 0.0495
Costs of investment for the development of technology and localization 0.0488
The efficacy of process in selecting the commercial term 0.0491
Technology transfer costs 0.0488
Citizen joining in 0.0475
Green behavior 0.0494
Stakeholders intelligently cooperating 0.0486
Green collection, recycling, and disposal 0.0487
The issues relevant to emissions of contamination and energy 0.0491
Dangerous influence of end-of-technology life 0.0494

Table 8. The major criteria weight.

Rank Main factor Weight
3 Technological 0.0843
2 Economical 0.0844
2 Social 0.0844
4 Environmental 0.0842

Weighing for waste accumulation technologies

This part aim was to superiority this selections per the fuzzy VIKOR method. Choices examined the preferences for waste technologies accumulation related to the influential parameters of selecting technology. To reach this aim, employed Table 9 statement variables.

Table 9. Linguistic variable.

Semantic term Fuzzy number
Very weak (VW) (0.3, 0, 0.01)
Weak (W) (0.5, 0.3, 0)
Medium weak (MW) (0.6, 0.5, 0.3)
Justly good (JG) (0.7, 0.6, 0.5)
Medium good (MG) (0.8, 0.7, 0.6)
Good (G) (1, 0.9, 0.7)
Very good (VG) (1, 1, 0.9)

After evaluation of technologies relative to their criteria by the experts, the expression values were first converted into their equivalent fuzzy values, and then, the mean opinions of experts were calculated, and a matrix of the fuzzy decision was prepared. Following the preparation of the matrix, positive and negative criteria were determined, as shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Negative and positive criteria.

Main Item Negative Positive
Technological *
Economical *
Social *
Environmental *

Following the counting standard matrix of fuzzy decision, the extent of utility measurement S˜i and regret measurement R˜i of (ith) was counted (Table 11). Then, the value of each parameter is calculated, as shown in Table 12.

Table 11. The S˜i and R˜i value.

Option S˜i R˜i
IoT-based technologies (3,01,3.96,4.99) (0.39,0.57,0.68)
Mobile-based technologies (2.72,3.95,4.99) (0.32,0.49,0.65)
GIS-based technologies (0.52,0.48,0.82) (0.41,0.58,0.72)
Web-GIS-based technologies (0.29,0.52,0.75) (0.33,0.48,0.72)

Table 12. Parameters value.

Factor Value
S (2,99,4.06,4.89)
S* (2.68,3.89,488)
R (0.49,0.51,0.81)
R* (0.31,0.50,0.78)

In the next step, the value of the VIKOR index Q˜i was calculated (Table 13). After preparing values of Q˜i, defuzzification was performed on these values as reported in Table 14.

Table 13. The Q˜i values.

Option Q˜i
IoT-based echnologies (0.809,0.981,1)
Mobile-based echnologies (0.2,0.198,0.199)
GIS-based echnologies (0.30,0.358,0.471)
Web-GIS-based echnologies (0.87,0.99,1)

Table 14. Preference alternative.

Rank Option Q˜i
3 IoT-based echnologies 0.959
1 Mobile-based echnologies 0.1299
2 GIS-based echnologies 0.3798
4 Web-GIS-based echnologies 0.968

Solving results

In this part, with experiential designing, problems are eliminated by genetic and whale algorithms, and results were analyzed and evaluated. The results of implementing the two algorithms have been presented in Table 15 based on the comparative indexes.

Table 15. Results for solving sample problems.

Item WOA NSGA-II
Quality metric Spacing metric Diversity metric CPU time No. of Pareto solution Quality metric Spacing metric Diversity metric CPU time No. of Pareto solution
1 88 1.2 1332,8 0.069 77 15.45 0.96 793 0.042 44
Little 2 81.02 1.5 1043.2 0.087 91 19.57 0.75 734.8 0.035 42
3 83.1 0,95 1340.3 0.065 41 17.36 0.78 551.9 0.037 83
4 91 0.73 1448 0.093 92 9.47 0.93 604.5 0.048 57
Medium 1 89 1.12 3004. 9 0.18 42 1.01 0.71 1659 0.087 24
2 78.3 0.99 4725 0.19 68 23.4 0.42 1948.5 0.084 21
3 88 0.93 5328 0.21 79 13.6 0.57 2182.8 0.092 59
4 79,3 0.97 5401 0.25 75 25.3 0.81 2267.6 0.103 39
5 91,15 1.26 5995 0.26 81 9.1 0.69 2497.8 0.15 34
6 95.8 0,97 5847 0.39 39 4.2 0.78 2696.7 0.18 32
7 92.2 1.05 6217.7 0. 36 48 8.09 0.47 2862.8 0.17 35
8 86.8 0.81 6948.1 0.45 41 14.7 0.62 2778.1 0.19 34
9 79.7 0.98 7083.8 0.57 81 20.8 0.61 2848.2 0.31 61
Big 1 93.1 1.29 6432 7,2 53 6.6 0.74 3376.4 3.08 53
2 93,1 0.93 7778.5 8.08 92 7.9 0.75 4174.9 3.89 52
3 93.2 1.07 8198.7 10.3 81 6.5 0.80 4337.1 3.88 73
4 94,6 1.42 7963,5 13.8 99 4.83 0.75 4798.9 4.49 59
5 89,6 1,08 9778.4 21 97 12 0.69 4948.2 5.64 70
6 98 1.21 10725.2 22.8 85 0.5 0.74 5137.8 5.78 73
7 88,5 1.09 10963.2 29.9 55 10.8 0.81 5831.6 7.57 71
8 84 0.98 12224.9 27.6 70 19.1 0.87 7364.4 9.45 61
9 96 1.06 16855.7 30.7 61 5.78 0.68 8111.6 14.40 55

In Table 15, the values of quality and dispersing in whale optimization comparison with genetic algorithm were up for total problems with different scales.

Conclusion and Recommendations

In the present research, the researchers summarize their main findings while also supporting the conclusions that were- drawn. In order to get the reader fully involved in the field of study, they propose suggestions for future research. Besides, other researches also attempted to illustrate this relationship between reverse supply chain and household waste recycling as follows, Ye et al. (2020) reported that the artificial intelligence system used for environmental issues may fail due to lack of data for validation and standardization due to different situations, computational time and black-box approach. Therefore, it should be noted that it can be detrimental to society without a relevant and valid data set for training and validation of a model for artificial intelligence. However, in this article, with the correct data and appropriate methods, artificial intelligence and its applications were very efficient and helpful, and in the household waste recycling machine, this item was used. This device is on a much larger scale for segregation and other reverse supply chain processes in household waste recycling. Mohammad et al. (2021) and Vanapalli et al. (2021), in a study on the epidemiological conceptions of COVID-19 on food system resilience, waste management overall long-term sustainability of the food supply chain in specific situations, found that the best solution was to decrease food waste by adopting new behaviors targeted at a more sustainable consumption pattern, which in this study, while inverse supply chain stability, was intended to produce a device that recycles and manages waste. Makes food and household waste on a small scale. As can be seen in the research literature, the number of inventions in recycling devices is increasing day by day. This increase can be seen in the number of inventions in 2018 when China was working extensively on the recycling industry. Recycling, returns very high capital and high profits to the country-s economic cycle. The second necessity is the very high cost of recycling devices and the dimensions and cost of food waste collection these problems are solved with the device provided. In general, the innovation of this research can be considered in the following cases.

In construction of the claimed device, the following objectives must be achieved in the components of the device:

In general, the device should be able to achieve the following goals:

Prodution of food waste recycling machine (Figure 4):

Figure 4. Food waste recycling machine details

First, the body of the device is designed, and the location of product components and peripherals is determined. Then comes the stage of selecting the heater, electric motor, and cutting and crushing blades of the product. After designing the system, the sliders of the machine are designed, followed by the design stage of the screw press mechanism, which includes the determination of the diameter and the number of screw press steps to achieve the appropriate power. In the end, the said parts are manufactured and placed on the device. The following test steps are appropriate to achieve the optimal product.

This study tried to attend all potential stations in reverse logistics, containing collecting/restoring stations, recycling stations and landfills stations, with the assumptions of the confined capacity of stations being multi-product. The offered algorithms were performed in a MATLAB software environment and outcomes of their implementation in sample practical problems were comprised of others in terms of dispersion, quality, solving time and uniformity.

Today, food waste management has a special place. The use of food waste has many benefits for governments and industries. Hence, extensive investments have been made for this purpose, and different devices have been made in this field.

In particular, the following problems can be noted in the current industry concerned with food waste recycling machinery

The devices are enormous.

The following benefits can be obtained by using the current scheme.

Recycling application is an intelligent system for collecting food waste, which encourages waste producers to separate them and guides them to sell their waste and earn income for food waste producers; it plays a vital role in better waste recycling and environmental cleanliness.

Its advantages include:

The easier the buying process for the customer, the more likely they are to buy. Making all the product information available to them when they need to collect data reduces the likelihood of buying.

Sharma et al. (2020), the fact that waste management becomes difficult for the relevant authorities during and after the global epidemic due to coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). They have proposed incineration, chemical disinfection, thermal inactivation, and hydrothermal carbonization for waste management. This article proposes a more innovative and more efficient solution that eliminates the need for waste disposal, which is a precious asset. Also, for future studies, the level of use of this device can be increased, and for other household waste, industrial and urban options can also be examined.

In another research, Hossain and Thakur (2021) oncluded that logistics management in the health sector could increase performance. As in the present study, the determining factors have reached their optimal state. On the other hand, the present study developed a new reverse supply chain network for waste collection with the Industry 4.0 Revolutions, and it has implemented it with a construction proposal of producing household waste recycling machines. In the following, Valenzuela et al. (2021) reviewed the extensive literature on the subject. They explored different ways to achieve circular economics through inverse logistics. Due to the fastest-growing future waste, novel waste collection methods are needed. So, this research has investigated waste collection technologies and their influential factors. In this regard, the practical factors and different technologies were weighted. The investigative and practical technology selection results showed that the legal factor is in the first place, economic and social factors are in the second place, information and technological factors are in the third place, and the environmental factor is in the fourth place. Also, technology rankings showed that mobile-based technologies are in the first place, GIS-based technologies are in the second place, IoT-based technologies are in third place, and Web-GIS-based technologies are in the fourth place.

In this research. Producing household waste recycling machine was done precisely by emphasizing these indicators. Using applications is essential for business development, and in this study, an application was designed to use it after building the device. An application-based economy can grow and open up new opportunities. In addition, the application-based economy has better control and is easy to manage.

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