Discrimination of South American grains based on fatty acid
Main Article Content
Keywords
chemometric, fatty acids, gas chromatography-FID, HCA, heatmap, PCA
Abstract
This study developed a method for discriminating between Andean indigenous crops and hybrid crops, using total lipid composition, fatty acid profiles, and statistical comparison. Cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the standard fingerprints of the gas chromatography-FID and the primary fatty acids related to loadings, which shows the explained variance (91.4–99.5%) of the total 32 cultivars, including quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus), and triticale (X Triticosecale), collected from Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina. The primary fatty acids found in quinoa, amaranth, and triticale were linoleic (essential PUFA) (36.59–63.04 g 100 g−1), oleic (11.95–36.95 g 100 g−1), and palmitic (essential MUFA) (9.40–20.20 g 100 g−1). All grains presented four groups with the PCA method, with the exception of amaranth, with three groups. Analysed separately, linoleic and eicosenoic acids are related to quinoa; stearic and palmitic acids to amaranth; and linolenic and oleic acids to triticale.
References
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Jonnala, R.S., Irmak, S., MacRitchie, F., Bean, S.R., 2010. Phenolics in the bran of waxy wheat and triticale lines. Journal of Cereal Science 52(3): 509–515. 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.07.013
Khandaker, L., Akond, A.S.M.G.M., Ali, M.B., Oba, S., 2010. Biomass yield and accumulations of bioactive compounds in red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) grown under different colored shade polyethylene in spring season. Scientia Horticulturae 123(3): 289–294. 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.09.012
Kurek, M.A., Karp, S., Wyrwisz, J., Niu, Y., 2018. Physicochemical properties of dietary fibers extracted from gluten-free sources: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) and millet (Panicum miliaceum). Food Hydrocolloids 85: 321–330. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.021
Laroussi-Mezghani, S., Vanloot, P., Molinet, J., Dupuy, N., Hammami, M., Grati-Kamoun, N., Artaud, J., 2015. Authentication of Tunisian virgin olive oils by chemometric analysis of fatty acid compositions and NIR spectra. Comparison with Maghrebian and French virgin olive oils. Food Chemistry 173: 122–132. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.002
Lee, J.-H., Kim, Y.-G., Park, J.G., Lee, J., 2017. Supercritical fluid extracts of Moringa oleifera and their unsaturated fatty acid components inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Food Control 80: 74–82. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.035
Li, B., Zhao, L., Xu, B., Deng, B., Liu, Y., Dong, Y., 2018. Rice bran real-time stabilization technology with flowing microwave radiation: its impact on rancidity and some bioactive compounds. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 10(1): 25–34. 10.3920/QAS2016.0982
Luo, X., Du, Z., Yang, K., Wang, J., Zhou, J., Liu, J., Chen, Z., 2021. Effect of electron beam irradiation on phytochemical composition, lipase activity and fatty acid of quinoa. Journal of Cereal Science 98: 103161. 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103161
Manley, M., Downey, G. and Baeten, V., 2008. Spectroscopic technique: near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In: Sun, D. (ed.) Modern techniques for food authentication. Elsevier, London, pp. 65–115. Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/books/modern-techniques-for-food-authentication/sun/978-0-12-814264-6
Medina, W., Skurtys, O. and Aguilera, J.M., 2010. Study on image analysis application for identification Quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) geographical provenance. LWT—Food Science and Technology 43(2): 238–246. 10.1016/j.lwt.2009.07.010
Mergoum, M., 2009. Triticale: a “new” crop with old challenges. In: Carena, M. (ed.) Handbook of plant breeding, vol 3. Springer, New York. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-72297-9_9
Mohammadi, S.A. and Prasanna, B.M., 2003. Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants—salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop Science 43(4): 1235–1248. 10.2135/cropsci2003.1235
Mouithys-Mickalad, A., Tome, N.M., Boogaard, T., Serteyn, D., Schmitt, E., Paul, A., 2021. Evaluation of the fat oxidation quality of commercial Hermetia illucens meal. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 7(6): 965–974. 10.3920/JIFF2021.0001
Naes, T., Isaksson, T., Fearm, T., Davies, T., 2002. A user-friendly guide to multivariate calibration and classification. Cambridge Eds NIR Publications, 352 p. 10.1255/978-1-906715-25-0
Navruz-Varli, S. and Sanlier, N., 2016. Nutritional and health benefits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Journal of Cereal Science 69: 371–376. 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.05.004
Nsimba, R.Y., Kikuzaki, H. and Konishi, Y., 2008. Antioxidant activity of various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp. seeds. Food Chemistry 106(2): 760–766. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.004
Oliveira, C.C., Calado, V.M.A., Ares, G., Granato, D., 2015. Statistical approaches to assess the association between phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis and Ilex paraguariensis teas. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 55(10): 1456–1473. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24918265/
Pereira, E., Encina-Zelada, C., Barros, L., Gonzales-Barron, U., Cadavez, V., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., 2019. Chemical and nutritional characterization of Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) grains: a good alternative to nutritious food. Food Chemistry 280: 110–114. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.068
Peter, K. and Gandhi, P., 2017. Rediscovering the therapeutic potential of Amaranthus species: a review. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4(3): 196–205. 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.05.001
Rabbani, G., Baig, M.H., Jan, A.T., Lee, E.J., Khan, M.V., Zaman, M., Farouk, A.-E., Khan, R.H., Choi, I., 2017. Binding of erucic acid with human serum albumin using a spectroscopic and molecular docking study. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 105: 1572–1580. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.051
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