Physicochemical evaluation of Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) and its utilization as a base in pharmaceutical soap formulation
Main Article Content
Keywords
ketoconazole, physicochemical parameters, P. utilis, PUSO, fixed oil, soap formulation
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the standard physicochemical parameters, such as iodine value, acid value, saponification value, ester value, refractive index, peroxide value, and viscosity, of Prinsepia utilis (P. utilis) seed oil (PUSO) obtained as hexane extract from seeds, and to formulate ketoconazole soap (2% w/w) by using extracted oil as a base. The quality control standards of the final ketoconazole soap complied with the standards specified in Indian Pharmacopeia. Pharmaceutical soap was obtained by treating PUSO with potassium hydroxide (KOH), undergoing basic saponification. All physicochemical parameters, such as acid value (21.78 mg KOH/g), saponification value (194.13 mg KOH/g), iodine value (99.7 g I2/100 g), ester value (172.35 mg KOH/g), refractive index (1.464), and viscosity (192 centipoises [cps]), conformed to industrial standards, except the peroxide value (19.23 milliequivalent KOH/g). Besides, evaluation of quality control parameters of pharmaceutical soap suggested that its various parameters, such as pH (7.3), foam-forming ability (14.5 cm), foam retention time (15 min), total fatty matter (69.31%), moisture content (10.35%), and drug content (99.37%), were within the acceptable limit. Overall, our study showed that P. utilis base was physicochemically stable and suitable for manufacturing cosmetic products, soaps, and shampoo in an economical manner, rather than using expensive chemical additives, in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry. Further, this study suggested that therapeutically and commercially successful ketoconazole soap, with all the required quality control parameters, could be manufactured by using naturally available oil at a low cost.
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References
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Ahmed L., Hazarika M.U. and Sarma D., 2021. Formulation and evaluation of an ayurvedic bath soap containing extracts of three ayurvedic herbs. Journal of Medicinal Plants 9(2): 115–117.
Akuaden N.J., Chindo I.Y. and Ogboji J., 2019. Formulation, physico-chemical and antifungal evaluation of herbal soaps of azadiractaindica and ziziphusmauritiana. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 8: 26–34.
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Alibe I.M. and Inuwa B., 2012. Physicochemical and anti-microbial properties of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil. International Journal of Science and Technology 4: 151–154.
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Sustainable ChemistryPharmacyAremu M.O. and Akinwumi O.D., 2014. Extraction, compositional and physicochemical characteristics of cashew Anarcadiumoccidentale nuts reject oil. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 3(2): 227–234. 10.15590/ajase/2014/v3i7/5357
Aremu M.O., Olonisakin A., Bako D.A. and Madu P.C., 2006. Compositional studies and physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut (Anarcadiumoccidentale) flour. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(4): 328–333. 10.3923/pjn.2006.328.333
Arya S.S., Ramanujam S. and Vijayaraghavan P.K., 1969. Refractive index as an objective method for evaluation of rancidity in edible oils and fats. Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society 46(1): 28–30. 10.1007/BF02632705
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Atolani O., Olabiyi E.T., Issa A.A., Azeez H.T., Onoja E.G., Ibrahim S.O., Zubair M.F., Oguntoye O.S. and Olatunji G.A., 2016. Green synthesis and characterization of natural antiseptic soaps from the oils of underutilized tropical seed. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 4: 32–39. 10.1016/j.scp.2016.07.006
Bagale R., Acharya S., Gupta A., Chaudhary P., Chaudhary G.P. and Pandey J., 2022. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Prinsepiautilis Royle leaf and seed extracts. Journal of Tropical Medicine Article ID 3898939. 10.1155/2022/ 3898939
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Bello M.O., Akindele T.L., Adeoye D.O. and Oladimeji A.O., 2011. Physicochemical properties and fatty acids profile of seed oil of Telfairia occidentalis Hook, F. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science11(06): 9–14.
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Choi F.D., Juhasz M.L.W. and Mesinkovska N.A., 2019. Topical ketoconazole: a systematic review of current dermatological applications and future developments. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 30(8): 760–771. 10.1080/09546634.2019.1573309
Dhakal B., Thakur J.K., Mahato R.K., Rawat I., Rabin D.C., Chhetri R.R., Shah K.P., Adhikari A. and Pandey J., 2022. Formulation of ebastine fast-disintegrating tablet using coprocessed super disintegrants and evaluation of quality control parameters. Scientific World Journal Article ID 9618344. 10.1155/2022/9618344
Dreno B., Chosidow O., Revuz J., Moyse D., 2003. Study investigator group. Lithium gluconate 8% vs. ketoconazole 2% in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: a multicentre, randomized study. British Journal of Dermatology 148(6): 1230–1236. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05328.x
Famurewa J.A., Jaiyeoba K.F., Ogunlade C.A. and Ayeni O.B., 2021. Effect of extraction methods on yield and some quality characteristics of coconut (Cocos nucifera L) oil. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal. 23(3): 251–260.
Government of India, 2018. Indian pharmacopoeia (IP), vol. 1. Controller of Publications, New Delhi, India, pp. 141–152.
Guan, B., Li, T., Xu, X.K., Zhang, X.F., Wei, P.L., Peng, C.C., Fu, J.J., Zeng, Q., Cheng, X.R., Zhang, S.D. and Yan, S.K., 2014. γ-Hydroxynitrile glucosides from the seeds of Prinsepia utilis. Phytochemistry. 105: 135–140. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.05.018
Gultekin F., Yasar S., Gurbuz N. and Ceyhan B.M., 2015. Food additives of public concern for their carcinogenicity. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences 3(4): 1–6. 10.15226/jnhfs.2015.00149
Gupta R., Goyal R., Bhattacharya S. and Dhar K.L., 2015. Antioxidative in vitro and antiosteoporotic activities of Prinsepia utilis Royle in female rats. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7(2): 157–163. 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.10.002
Inekwe U.V., Odey M.O., Gauje B., Dakare A.M., Ugwumma C.D. and Adegbe E.S., 2012. Fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Jatropha Curcas oils from Edo and Kaduna states of Nigeria and India. Annals of Biological Research 3(10): 4860–4864.
Islam, M.R., Beg, M.D.H. and Jamari, S.S., 2014. Alkyd based resin from non-drying oil. Procedia Engineering 90: 78–88. 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.818
Jagdale S., Bhavsar D., Gattani M., Chaudhari K. and Chabukswar A., 2011. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate soap strips for dermal infections. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3(3): 299–302.
Kewlani P., Tiwari D.C., Singh B., Negi V.S., Bhatt I.D. and Pande V., 2022a. Source-dependent variation in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Prinsepia utilis Royle fruits. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194(3): 1–5. 10.1007/s10661-022-09786-z
Kewlani P., Tewari D.C., Singh L., Negi V.S., Bhatt I.D., Pande V., 2022b. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids rich populations of Prinsepia utilis Royle in western Himalaya. Journal of Oleo Science 71(4): 481–491. 10.5650/jos.ess21262
Kim S.A., Moon H., Lee K. and Rhee M.S., 2015. Bactericidal effects of triclosan in soap both in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70(12): 3345–3352. 10.1093/jac/dkv275
Koirala S., Nepal P., Ghimire G., Basnet R., Rawat I., Dahal A., Pandey J. and Parajuli-Baral K., 2021. Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal tablets of aceclofenac. Heliyon 17(3): e06439. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06439
Krist S., 2020. Vegetable fats and oils. Springer Nature, New York, NY. 10.1007/978-3-030-30314-3
Kunwar R.M. and Duwadi N.P.S., 2003. Ethnobotanical notes on flora of Khaptad National Park (KNP), far-western Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 25–30. 10.3126/hjs.v1i1.182
Maikhuri R.K., Singh A. and Semwal R.L., 1994. Prinsepia utilis Royle: a wild, edible oil shrub of the higher Himalayas. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 98: 5–8.
EthnopharmacologyManandhar N.P., 1986. Ethnobotany of jumla district, Nepal. Pharmaceutical Biology 24(2): 81–89. 10.3109/13880208609083311
Manandhar N.P., 1995. A survey of medicinal plants of Jajarkot district, Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48(1): 1–6. 10.1016/0378-8741(95)01269-J
Mekkawy A.I.A.A., Fathy M. and El-Shanawany S., 2013. Study of fluconazole release from O/W cream and water soluble ointment bases. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (4): 686–696. 10.9734/BJPR/2013/3702
Muhammad A., Ayub M., Zeb A., Wahab S. and Khan S., 2013. Physicochemical analysis and fatty acid composition of oil extracted from olive fruit. Food Science and Quality Management 19(1): 1–6.
Mwanza C. and Zombe K., 2020. Comparative evaluation of some physicochemical properties on selected commercially available soaps on the Zambian market. Open Access Library Journal 7(3): 1–3. 10.4236/oalib.1106147
Naveed S. and Jaweed L., 2014. UV spectrophotometric assay of ketoconazole oral formulations. American Journal of Life Sciences 2(5): 108–111.
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