Migration behavior of photoinitiators in polyethylene-coated paper for takeaway fast food
Main Article Content
Keywords
diffusion model, migration, PE-coated paper, photoinitiator, takeout fast food, random vibration
Abstract
The migration of photoinitiators (PIs): benzophenone (BP), ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB), and 4-chlorobenzophenone (CBP), from polyethylene (PE)-coated paper to 4% (v/v) acetic acid and 10% (v/v) salt-simulated food solution was quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The migration behavior of the three PIs was studied under three specific working conditions: conventional heating, microwave power, and random vibration level. The migration rate of the three PIs in acidic food simulants was ranked from BP > EDAB > CBP under the specific working conditions. The mobility of the three PIs increased with increasing temperature, microwave power, and random vibration acceleration in 4% (v/v) acetic acid by 10, 10, and 15%, respectively. The experimental migration data of three PIs in PE-coated paper under different temperatures and microwave powers were used to establish the Crank monolayer migration model according to Fick’s second law. The diffusion coefficient D increased with an increase in experimental conditions. According to the migration data under the condition of random vibration level, a mathematical model conforming to the Fick model was established, fitting the migration process. These results showed that conventional heating, microwave heating, and vibration could affect the food safety of PE-coated paper.
References
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Li, B., Wang, Z.W., Lin, Q.B., et al., 2016. Study of the migration of stabilizer and plasticizer from polyethylene terephthalate into food simulants. Journal of Chromatographic Science 54(6): 939–951. 10.1093/chromsci/bmw025
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Macdougall, D., Crummett, W.B., et al., 1980. Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry. Analytical Chemistry 52(14): 2242–2249. 10.1021/ac50064a004
Mujtaba, M., Lipponen, J., Ojanen, M., et al., 2022. Trends and challenges in the development of bio-based barrier coating materials for paper/cardboard food packaging: a review. Science of the Total Environment 851: 158328. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158328
Paseiro-Cerrato, R., Rodriguez-Bernaldo De Quiros, A., Otero-Pazos, P., et al., 2018. Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of model migrants by direct contact and vapour phase transfer from low-density polyethylene films into cake. Food Additives and Contaminants–Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 35(3): 555–562. 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397294
Peng, X.L., Fu, H.J., Hu, J.B., et al., 2020. Investigation on mercury migration discipline in different paper-plastic food packaging containers. Journal of Food Science 85(4): 1186–1192. 10.1111/1750-3841.15060
Prasannan, A., Jhu, J.-J., Wu, C.-J., et al., 2017. Evaluation of the temperature and molecular weight dependent migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from isotactic polypropylene composites. Reactive and Functional Polymers 113: 70–76. 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.02.007
Samyn, P., 2021. Active barrier coating for packaging paper with controlled release of sunflower oils. Molecules 26(12): 3561. 10.3390/molecules26123561
Shanghai publishes the first series of group standards for take-away food delivery boxes. 2018. Light Industry Standards and Quality 4 8.
SN / T 4265-2015, food contact material. Auxiliary materials. Determination of 4-methyl benzophenone and benzophenone in ink. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Spence, K.L., Venditti, R.A., Rojas, O.J., et al., 2010. The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: water interactions and physical properties for packaging applications. Cellulose 17(4): 835–848. 10.1007/s10570-010-9424-8
Van Den Houwe, K., Evrard, C., Van Loco, J., et al., 2016. Migration of photoinitiators from cardboard into dry food: evaluation of Tenax(R) as a food simulant. Food Additives Contaminants –Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 33(5): 913–920. 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179562
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Wang, X., Xu, M., Yang, A., et al., 2021. Health risks of population exposure to phthalic acid esters through the use of plastic containers for takeaway food in China. Science of The Total Environment 785: 147–347. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147347
Yang, Y.P., Hu, C.Y., Zhong, H.N., et al., 2016. Effects of ultraviolet (UV) on degradation of irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from polypropylene films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(41): 7866–7873. 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03018
Zabaleta, I., Blanco-Zubiaguirre, L., Nilsu Baharli, E., et al., 2020. Occurrence of per-and polyfluorinated compounds in paper and board packaging materials and migration to food simulants and foodstuffs. Food Chemistry 321: 126746. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126746
Zhang, Y., Du, Z.X., Xia, X.M., et al., 2016. Evaluation of the migration of UV-ink photoinitiators from polyethylene food packaging by supercritical fluid chromatography combined with photodiode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry. Polymer Testing 53: 276–282. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.008
Anderson, W.A. and Castle, L., 2003. Benzophenone in cartonboard packaging materials and the factors that influence its migration into food. Food Additives and Contaminants 20(6): 607–618. 10.1080/0265203031000109486
Aparicio, J.L. and Elizalde, M., 2015. Migration of photoinitiators in food packaging: a review. Packaging Technology and Science 28(3): 181–203. 10.1002/pts.2099
Arvanitoyannis, I.S. and Kotsanopoulos, K.V., 2014. Migration phenomenon in food packaging. food-package interactions, mechanisms, types of migrants, testing and relative legislation–a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 7(1): 21–36. 10.1007/s11947-013-1106-8
Barton, G., 1975. The mathematics of diffusion. Physics Bulletin 26(11): 500–501. 10.1088/0031-9112/26/11/044
Chen, M.L., Chen, C.H., Huang, Y.F., et al., 2022. Cumulative dietary risk assessment of benzophenone-type photoinitiators from packaged foodstuffs. Foods 11(2): 152. 10.3390/foods11020152
Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articlesintended to come into contact with food. Official Journal of the European.
Deshwal, G.K., Panjagari, N.R. and Alam, T., 2019. An overview of paper and paper based food packaging materials: health safety and environmental concerns. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56(10): 4391–4403. 10.1007/s13197-019-03950-z
Elizalde, M.P., Aparicio, J.L. and Rincón, M., 2020. Interpretation of the migration of benzophenone type photoinitiators into different food simulants and foodstuffs in terms of the physicochemical properties of the migrants. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 23: 100444. 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100444
Ernstoff, A.S., Fantke, P., Huang, L., et al., 2017. High-throughput migration modelling for estimating exposure to chemicals in food packaging in screening and prioritization tools. Food and Chemical Toxicology 109(Pt 1): 428–438. 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.024
Feigenbaum, A.E., Bouquant, J., Ducruet, V.J., et al., 1994. Guidelines of the Commission of the European Communities: a challenge for the control of packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants 11(2): 141–154. 10.1080/02652039409374213
Garde, J.A., Catala, R., Gavara, R., et al., 2001. Characterizing the migration of antioxidants from polypropylene into fatty food simulants. Food Additives and Contaminants 18(8): 750–762. 10.1080/02652030116713
Glenn, G., Shogren, R., Jin, X., et al., 2021. Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 20(3): 2596–2625. 10.1111/1541-4337.12726
Han, B., Ding, L., Su, R.X., et al., 2016. Migration of photoinitiators from paper to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. Food Additives and Contaminants Part a-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment 33(5): 876–884. 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166524
Hao, F., Lu, L. and Wang, J., 2017. Finite element analysis of moisture migration of multicomponent foods during storage. Journal of Food Process Engineering 40(1): e12319. 10.1111/jfpe.12319
Huang, L., Lou, C., Chen, N., et al., 2020. Simultaneous determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and five photoinitiators in food contact materials using ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with supercritical fluid chromatography. Analytical Methods 12(13): 1720–1727. 10.1039/D0AY00039F
Ji, S., Zhang, J., Peng, Y., et al., 2020. Migration kinetics of fluorescent whitening agents from polyethylene food packaging to food simulants. European Food Research and Technology 246: 1551-1561. 10.1007/s00217-020-03509-9
Ji, S., Zhang, J., Tao, G., et al., 2019. Influence of heating source on the migration of photoinitiators from packaging materials into Tenax (R) and popcorn. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 21: 100340. 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100340
Jiang, Z.W., Yu, W.W., Li, Y., et al., 2019. Migration of copper from nanocopper/polypropylene composite films and its functional property. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 22: 100416. 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100416
Kang, K., Chang, Y., Choi, J.C., et al., 2018. Migration study of butylated hydroxytoluene and irganox 1010 from polypropylene treated with severe processing conditions. Journal of Food Science 83(4): 1005–1010. 10.1111/1750-3841.14104
Lago, M.A., Sendon, R., Bustos, J., et al., 2019. Migration studies of two common components of UV-curing inks into food simulants. Molecules 24(19): 3607. 10.3390/molecules24193607
Li, B., Wang, Z.W., Lin, Q.B., et al., 2015. Determination of polymer additives-antioxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers, plasticizers and photoinitiators in plastic food package by accelerated solvent extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatographic Science 53(6): 1026–1035. 10.1093/chromsci/bmu159
Li, B., Wang, Z.W., Lin, Q.B., et al., 2016. Study of the migration of stabilizer and plasticizer from polyethylene terephthalate into food simulants. Journal of Chromatographic Science 54(6): 939–951. 10.1093/chromsci/bmw025
Liu, P., Zhao, C., Zhang, Y., et al., 2016. Simultaneous determination of 10 photoinitiators in milk by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Science 81(5): T1336–T1341. 10.1111/1750-3841.13268
Macdougall, D., Crummett, W.B., et al., 1980. Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry. Analytical Chemistry 52(14): 2242–2249. 10.1021/ac50064a004
Mujtaba, M., Lipponen, J., Ojanen, M., et al., 2022. Trends and challenges in the development of bio-based barrier coating materials for paper/cardboard food packaging: a review. Science of the Total Environment 851: 158328. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158328
Paseiro-Cerrato, R., Rodriguez-Bernaldo De Quiros, A., Otero-Pazos, P., et al., 2018. Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of model migrants by direct contact and vapour phase transfer from low-density polyethylene films into cake. Food Additives and Contaminants–Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 35(3): 555–562. 10.1080/19440049.2017.1397294
Peng, X.L., Fu, H.J., Hu, J.B., et al., 2020. Investigation on mercury migration discipline in different paper-plastic food packaging containers. Journal of Food Science 85(4): 1186–1192. 10.1111/1750-3841.15060
Prasannan, A., Jhu, J.-J., Wu, C.-J., et al., 2017. Evaluation of the temperature and molecular weight dependent migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from isotactic polypropylene composites. Reactive and Functional Polymers 113: 70–76. 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.02.007
Samyn, P., 2021. Active barrier coating for packaging paper with controlled release of sunflower oils. Molecules 26(12): 3561. 10.3390/molecules26123561
Shanghai publishes the first series of group standards for take-away food delivery boxes. 2018. Light Industry Standards and Quality 4 8.
SN / T 4265-2015, food contact material. Auxiliary materials. Determination of 4-methyl benzophenone and benzophenone in ink. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Spence, K.L., Venditti, R.A., Rojas, O.J., et al., 2010. The effect of chemical composition on microfibrillar cellulose films from wood pulps: water interactions and physical properties for packaging applications. Cellulose 17(4): 835–848. 10.1007/s10570-010-9424-8
Van Den Houwe, K., Evrard, C., Van Loco, J., et al., 2016. Migration of photoinitiators from cardboard into dry food: evaluation of Tenax(R) as a food simulant. Food Additives Contaminants –Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 33(5): 913–920. 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179562
Wang, C., Huang, P., Qiu, C., et al., 2021. Occurrence, migration and health risk of phthalates in tap water, barreled water and bottled water in Tianjin, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 408: 124891. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124891
Wang, X., Xu, M., Yang, A., et al., 2021. Health risks of population exposure to phthalic acid esters through the use of plastic containers for takeaway food in China. Science of The Total Environment 785: 147–347. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147347
Yang, Y.P., Hu, C.Y., Zhong, H.N., et al., 2016. Effects of ultraviolet (UV) on degradation of irgafos 168 and migration of its degradation products from polypropylene films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(41): 7866–7873. 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03018
Zabaleta, I., Blanco-Zubiaguirre, L., Nilsu Baharli, E., et al., 2020. Occurrence of per-and polyfluorinated compounds in paper and board packaging materials and migration to food simulants and foodstuffs. Food Chemistry 321: 126746. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126746
Zhang, Y., Du, Z.X., Xia, X.M., et al., 2016. Evaluation of the migration of UV-ink photoinitiators from polyethylene food packaging by supercritical fluid chromatography combined with photodiode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry. Polymer Testing 53: 276–282. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.008
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