Hepatic antioxidant and gut ecological modulation properties of long-term intake of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract in vivo
Main Article Content
Keywords
Camellia sinensis L., tea flower, antioxidation, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, immunoglobulin A
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract (TFE) is a new type of tea beverage. The aim of this study was to explore the possible function after intake of TFE for a fixed period. In the study, 200 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day (d) of TFE was given to mice for 14 weeks. The results showed that the levels of hepatic superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione were increased but the formation of malondialdehyde was reduced, compared to the normal control (NC) group. Meanwhile, administration of TFE contributed to the prior number of colonic goblet cells (1,505 ± 124 vs. 1,162 ± 112, per mm2) and enhancement of colonic messenger RNA expression of mucin 2 and Claudin5. Additionally, TFE intervention modulated the composition and metabolic pathways of gut microbiota with an important role in dietary metabolism. Representatively, the relative abundance of genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and immunoglobulin A were increased. Taken together, long-term intake of TFE could promote hepatic antioxidant and modulate gut ecological status. These results could provide a reference for the development of TFE as a functional beverage.
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References
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Chang, C.J., Lin, C.S., Lu, C.C., Martel, J., Ko, Y.F., Ojcius, D.M., Tseng, S-F., Wu, T-R., Chen, Y-Y.M., Young, J.D. and Lai, H-C., 2015. Ganoderma lucidumreduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Nature Communications 6: 7489. 10.1038/ncomms8489
Chen, D., Chen, G.J., Sun, Y., Zeng, X.X. and Ye, H., 2020a. Physiological genetics, chemical composition, health benefits and toxicology of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower: a review. Food Research International 137: 109584. 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109584
Chen, D., Ding, Y., Chen, G.J., Sun, Y., Zeng, X.X. and Ye, H., 2020b. Components identification and nutritional value exploration of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract: evidence for functional food. Food Research International 132: 109100. 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109100
Chen, Y.Y., Zhou, Y., Zeng, L.T., Dong, F., Tu, Y.Y. and Yang, Z.Y., 2018. Occurrence of functional molecules in the flowers of tea (Camellia sinensis) plants: evidence for a second resource. Molecules 23: 790. 10.3390/molecules23040790
de Amorim, L.M.N., Vaz, S.R., Cesário, G., Coelho, A.S.G. and Botelho, P.B., 2018. Effect of green tea extract on bone mass and body composition in individuals with diabetes. Journal of Functional Foods 40: 589–594. 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.039
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Fan, P.X., Liu, P., Song, P.X., Chen, X.Y. and Ma, X., 2017. Moderate dietary protein restriction alters the composition of gut microbiota and improves ileal barrier function in adult pig model. Scientific Reports 7: 43412. 10.1038/srep43412
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Hachimura, S., Totsuka, M. and Hosono, A., 2018. Immunomodulation by food: impact on gut immunity and immune cell function. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 82: 584–599. 10.1080/09168451.2018.1433017
Hozawa, A., Kuriyama, S., Nakaya, N., Ohmori-Matsuda, K., Kakizaki, M., Sone, T., Nagai, M., Sugawara, Y., Nitta, A., Tomata, Y., Niu, K.J. and Tsuji, I., 2009. Green tea consumption is associated with lower psychological distress in a general population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90: 1390–1396. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28214
Hu, Y., Le Leu, R.K., Christophersen, C.T., Somashekar, R., Conlon, M.A., Meng, X.Q., Winter, J.M., Woodman, R.J., McKinnon, R. and Young, G.P., 2016. Manipulation of the gut microbiota using resistant starch is associated with protection against colitis-associated colorectal cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis 37: 366–375. 10.1093/carcin/bgw019
Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J. and Shao, A., 2018. The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults—results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 95: 412–433. 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019
Isobe, J., Maeda, S., Obata, Y., Iizuka, K., Nakamura, Y., Fujimura, Y., Kimizuka, T., Hattori, K., Kim, Y-G., Morita, T., Kimura, I., Offermanns, S., Adachi, T., Nakao, A., Kiyono, H., Takahashi, D. and Hase, K., 2020. Commensal-bacteria-derived butyrate promotes the T-cell-independent IgA response in the colon. International Immunology 32: 243–258. 10.1093/intimm/dxz078
Jin, S. and Hyun, T.K., 2020. Ectopic expression of production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1) improves the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic properties of Ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) hairy roots. Antioxidants 9: 922. 10.3390/antiox9100922
Kakutani, S., Watanabe, H. and Murayama, N., 2019. Green tea intake and risks for dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Nutrients 11: 1165. 10.3390/nu11051165
Kokaze, A., Ishikawa, M., Matsunaga, N., Karita, K., Yoshida, M., Ohtsu, T., Ochiai, H., Shirasawa, T., Saga, N., Hoshino, H. and Takashima, Y., 2012. Combined effect of longevity-associated mitochondrial DNA 5178 C/A polymorphism and green tea consumption on risk of hypertension in middle-aged Japanese men. Human Biology 84: 307–318. 10.3378/027.084.0309
Langille, M.G.I., Zaneveld, J., Caporaso, J.G., McDonald, D., Knights, D., Reyes, J.A., Clemente, J.C., Burkepile, D.E., Thurber, R.L.V., Knight, R., Beiko, R.G. and Huttenhower, C., 2013. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nature Biotechnology 31: 814–823. 10.1038/nbt.2676
Li, B., Jin, Y.X., Xu, Y., Wu, Y.Y., Xu, J.Y., and Tu, Y.Y., 2011. Safety evaluation of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) flower extract: assessment of mutagenicity, and acute and subchronic toxicity in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133(2), 583–590. 10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.030
Li, X.M., Wang, W., Hou, L.M., Wu, H.H., Wu, Y.J., Xu, R., Xiao, Y. and Wang, X.M., 2020. Does tea extract supplementation benefit metabolic syndrome and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition 39: 1049–1058. 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.019
Li, S.C., Xiao, Y., Wu, R.T., Xie, D., Zhao, H.H., Shen, G.Y. and Wu, E.Q., 2021. Comparative analysis of type 2 diabetes--associated gut microbiota between Han and Mongolian people. Journal of Microbiology 59: 693–701. 10.1007/s12275-021-0454-8
Livak, K.J. and Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(–ΔΔ C(T)) method. Methods 25: 402–408. 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
Mhatre, S., Naik, S. and Patravale, V., 2021. A molecular docking study of EGCG and theaflavin digallate with the druggable targets of SARS-CoV-2. Computers in Biology and Medicine 129: 104137. 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104137
Morrison, D.J. and Preston, T., 2016. Formation of short-chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes 7: 189–200. 10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082
Oide, S. and Turgeon, B.G., 2020. Natural roles of nonribosomal peptide metabolites in fungi. Mycoscience 61: 101–110. 10.1016/j.myc.2020.03.001
Ouyang, Y.N., Jin, Y.X., Zhao, X.R., Chen, M., Yang, P.F., Zheng, X.W., Zeng, L., Chen, L. and Tian, Z.M., 2020. Revealing metabolic pathways relevant to prediabetes based on metabolomics profiling analysis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 533: 188–194. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.016
Overby, H.B. and Ferguson, J.F., 2021. Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids facilitate microbiota: host cross talk and modulate obesity and hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports 23(2): 8. 10.1007/s11906-020-01125-2
Pabst, O. and Slack, E., 2020. IgA and the intestinal microbiota: the importance of being specific. Mucosal Immunology 13: 12–21. 10.1038/s41385-019-0227-4
Parker, B.J., Wearsch, P.A., Veloo, A.C.M. and Rodriguez-Palacios, A., 2020. The genus Alistipes: gut bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, cancer, and mental health. Frontiers in Immunology 11: 906. 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00906
Rinninella, E., Cintoni, M., Raoul, P., Lopetuso, L.R., Scaldaferri, F., Pulcini, G., Miggiano, G.A.D., Gasbarrini, A. and Mele, M.C., 2019. Food components and dietary habits: keys for a healthy gut microbiota composition. Nutrients 11: 2393. 10.3390/nu11102393
Salvi, P.S. and Cowles, R.A., 2021. Butyrate and the intestinal epithelium: modulation of proliferation and inflammation in homeostasis and disease. Cells 10: 1775. 10.3390/cells10071775
Singh, B.N., Prateeksha, Rawat, A.K.S., Bhagat, R.M. and Singh, B.R., 2017. Black tea: phytochemicals, cancer chemoprevention, and clinical studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57: 1394–1410. 10.1080/10408398.2014.994700
Swayambhu, G., Bruno, M., Gulick, A.M. and Pfeifer, B.A., 2021. Siderophore natural products as pharmaceutical agents. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 69: 242–251. 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.021
Tawiah, A., Cornick, S., Moreau, F., Gorman, H., Kumar, M., Tiwari, S. and Chadee, K., 2018. High MUC2 mucin expression and misfolding induce cellular stress, reactive oxygen production, and apoptosis in goblet cells. American Journal of Pathology 188: 1354–1373. 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.02.007
Teng, J., Zhou, W., Zeng, Z., Zhao, W.F., Huang, Y.H. and Zhang, X., 2017. Quality components and antidepressant-like effects of GABA green tea. Food and Function 8: 3311–3318. 10.1039/c7fo01045a
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Jul 1, 2023
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