Accumulation characteristics and evaluation of heavy metals in soils and vegetables of plastic-covered sheds in typical red soil areas of China
Main Article Content
Keywords
plastic-covered shed, red soil, vegetable, heavy metal accumulation, evaluation
Abstract
The degree of pollution and potential ecological risk of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil of plastic-covered sheds in Jiangxi Province were evaluated by the Nemerow index and potential ecological risk index. The bioconcentration factor and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) were used to evaluate the enrichment ability and health risk of HMs in vegetables. The mean contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in soil were 5.99, 0.373, 17.8, 5.94E-02, and 28.9 mg kg–1, respectively; Cd exceeded the background value and the maximum limit. Most soils had no extremely strong ecological risk. The concentration of Pb in root vegetables was 0.204 mg kg-1, with the highest concentration of Cd (0.147 mg kg–1) in Ganzhou leafy vegetables. The Hg concentration of leafy vegetables in Jiujiang was 1.41E-02 mg kg–1, which exceeded the maximum limit. The bioconcentration factor of HMs was negatively correlated with pH (P ≤ 0.05). The migration ability of Cd in root vegetables was 1.7-fold to that of leafy vegetables, and was strongest. The TTHQ of all vegetables was less than 1.0, which indicated that there was no significant noncarcinogenic risk in adults. The TTHQ of root vegetables was highest, with Pb in vegetables being major health risk factors. In conclusion, fruit and solanaceous vegetables may be more suitable for planting in plastic-covered shed than root and leafy vegetables; Cd and Pb were identified as the priority control metals under plastic-covered sheds in Jiangxi Province.
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References
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Cheshmazar, E., Arfaeinia, H., Karimyan, K., Sharafi, H. and Hashemi, S.E., 2018. Dataset for effect comparison of irrigation by wastewater and ground water on amount of heavy metals in soil and vegetables: accumulation, transfer factor and health risk assessment. Data in Brief. 18: 1702–1710. 10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.108
Chinese Ministry of Health (CMH), 2017. National standards for food safety limit of contaminants in food. GB2762-2017. CMH, Beijing, China.
China National Environmental Protection Agency (CNEPA), 2006. Environmental quality evaluation standard for farmland of greenhouse vegetables production. HJ333–2006. CNEPAC, Beijing, China.
China National Environmental Protection Agency (CNEPA), 2013. Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population. CNEPAC, Beijing, China.
Fan, Y., Li, H., Xue, Z., Zhang, Q. and Cheng, F., 2017. Accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in soil-vegetable system under greenhouse cultivation condition in Northern China. Ecological Engineering 102: 367–373. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.032
Gong, M., Zhu, W-Q., Gu, Y-Q., and Li, S-y., 2016. Evaluation on heavy metal pollution and its risk in soils from vegetable bases of Hangzhou. Environmental Science 37(6): 2329–2337. 10.13227/j.hjkx.2016.06.042
Gupta, N., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, V., Krishnan, S., Kumar, S., Nejad, Z.D., et al. 2021. Evaluating heavy metals contamination in soil and vegetables in the region of North India: levels, transfer and potential human health risk analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 82: 103563. 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103563
Gupta, N., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Chadd, R.P. and Kumar, A., 2019. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: Translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration-A review. Science of the Total Environment 651(2): 2927–2942. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.047
Hakanson, L., (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach.Water Research 14(8): 975–1001. 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Hossain, M.M., Chowdhury, M.A., Hasan, M.J., Rashid, M.H-Ar., Acterossain, T., Chowdhury, M.A., et al. 2021. Heavy metal pollution in the soil-vegetable system of Tannery estate. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16: 100557. 10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100557
Hu, W., Huang, B., Tian, K., Holm, P.E. and Zhang, Y., 2017. Heavy metals in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems along Yellow Sea of China: levels, transfer and health risk. Chemosphere 167: 82–90. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.122
Huang, Y., Deng, M., Wu, S., Japenga, J., Li, T., Yang, X., et al. 2018. A modified receptor model for source apportionment of heavy metal pollution in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 354: 161–169. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.006
Jalali, M. and Meyari, A., 2022. Heavy metal contents, soil-to-plant transfer factors, and associated health risks in vegetables grown in western Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 106: 104316. 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104316
Ji, Y., Wu, P., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Peng, Y., et al. 2018. Heavy metal accumulation, risk assessment and integrated biomarker responses of local vegetables: a case study along the Le’an river. Chemosphere 199: 361–371. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.045
Kianpoor, KY., Huang, B., Hu, W., Ma, C., Gao, H., Thompson, M.L., et al. 2020. Environmental soil quality and vegetable safety under current greenhouse vegetable production management in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 307: 107230. 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107230
Kumar, R., Ivy, N., Bhattacharya, S., Dey, A. and Sharma, P., 2022. Coupled effects of microplastics and heavy metals on plants: uptake, bioaccumulation, and environmental health perspectives. Science of the Total Environment 836: 155619. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155619
Laboni, F.A., Ahmed, M.W., Kaium, A., Alam, M.K., Parven, A., Jubayer, M.F., et al. 2023. Heavy metals in widely consumed vegetables grown in industrial areas of Bangladesh: a potential human health hazard. Biological Trace Element Research 201: 995–1005. 10.1007/s12011-022-03179-6
Li, X., Li, Z., Lin, C.-J., Bi, X., Liu, J., Feng, X., et al. 2018. Health risks of heavy metal exposure through vegetable consumption near a large-scale Pb/Zn smelter in central China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 161: 99–110. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.080
Liu, X., Gu, S., Yang, S., Deng, J. and Xu, J., 2021. Heavy metals in soil-vegetable system around e-waste site and the health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment 779: 146438. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146438
Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X., and Xu, J., 2021. Occurrence and health risks of heavy metals in plastic-shed soils and vegetables across China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 321: 107632. 10.1016/j.agee.2021.107632
Machate, D.J., 2023. Anthropogenic hyperactivity for natural resources increases heavy metals concentrations in the environment: toxicity of healthy food and cancer risks estimated. Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 4: 100057. 10.1016/j.jtemin.2023.100057
Meng, M., Yang, L., Wei, B., Cao, Z., Yu, J. and Liao, X., 2021. Plastic shed production systems: the migration of heavy metals from soil to vegetables and human health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 215: 112106. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112106
Mohammadpour, A., Emadi, Z., Samaei, M.R., Ravindra, K., Hosseini, S.M., Amin, M., et al. 2023a. The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water from Shiraz, Iran: a health risk assessment of samples. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30: 23295–23311. 10.1007/s11356-022-23535-2
Mohammadpour, A., Emadi, Z., Keshtkar, M., Mohammadi, L., Motamed-Jahromi, M., Samaei, M.R., et al. 2022b. Assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fruits from Iranian market (Shiraz): a health risk assessment study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 114(2022): 104826. 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104826
Brendan, CO., Abbas, E-Z., Xiaoli, L., Anjan, P., Xunchang, F., Susmita, S., et al., 2021. Microplastics in soils: an environmental geotechnics perspective. Environmental Geotechnics 8 (8): 586–618. 10.1680/jenge.20.00179
Quispe, N., Zanabria, D., Chavez, E., Cuadros, F., Carling, G. and Paredes, B., 2021. Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr and As) via consumption of vegetables cultured in agricultural sites in Arequipa, Peru. Chemical Data Collections 33: 100723. 10.1016/j.cdc.2021.100723
Ruan, X., Ge, S., Jiao, Z., Zhan, W. and Wang, Y., 2023. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of potential toxic elements in the soil-vegetable system as influenced by historical wastewater irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 279: 108197. 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108197
Sadee, B.A. and Rasul, J.A., 2023. Determination of heavy metals in edible vegetables and a human health risk assessment. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 19: 100761. 10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100761
Sawut, R., Kasim, N., Maihemuti, B., Hue, L., Abliz., Abdujappar, A., et al. 2018. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 642: 864–878. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.034
Su, C., Wang, J., Chen, Z., Meng, J., Yin, G., Zhou, Y., et al. 2023. Sources and health risks of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from intensive human intervention areas in South China. Science of the Total Environment 857(1): 159389. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159389
Tariq, F.S., 2021. Heavy metals concentration in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and their human daily intake in Erbil city. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16: 100475. 10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100475
Tariq, F.S., Samsuri, A.W., Karam, D.S., Aris, A.Z., Jamilu, G., 2019. Bioavailability and mobility of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in gold mine tailings amended with rice husk ash and Fe-coated rice husk ash. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(4): 232. 10.1007/s10661-019-7359-6
Tomno, R.M., Nzeve, J.K., Mailu, S.N., Shitanda, D. and Waswa, F., 2020. Heavy metal contamination of water, soil and vegetables in urban streams in Machakos municipality, Kenya. Scientific African 9: e00539. 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00539
Wang, Z., Chen, X.M., Yu, D.Q., Zhang, L.X., Wang, J.N., Lv, J.S., 2021. Source apportionment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in soils: a new exploration on receptor and geostatistical models. Science of the Total Environment 759(2): 143428. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143428
Wang, C.-C., Li, M.-Y., Yan, C.-A., Tian, W., Deng, Z.-H., Wang, Z.-X., et al. 2022. Refining health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables from high geochemical background areas: role of bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 159: 345–353. 10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.003
Wei, M., Pan, A., Ma, R. and Wang, H., 2023. Distribution characteristics, source analysis and health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil in Shiquan county, Shaanxi province. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 171: 225–237. 10.1016/j.psep.2022.12.089
Wen, Y.B., Li, W., Yang, Z.F., Zhuo, X.X., Guan, D.X., Song, Y.X., et al. 2020. Evaluation of various approaches to predict cadmium bioavailability to rice grown in soils with high geochemical background in the karst region, Southwestern China. Environmental Pollution 258: 113645. 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Kang, S., Wang, Z., Wu, C., 2021. Microplastics in soil: a review on methods, occurrence, sources, and potential risk. Sci. Total Environ. 780: 146546. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146546
Yuan, Y., Qin, Y., Wang, M., Xu, W., Chen, Y., Zheng, L., et al. 2022. Microplastics from agricultural plastic mulch films: a mini-review of their impacts on the animal reproductive system. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 244: 114030. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114030
Zunaidi, A.A., Lim, L.H. and Metali, F., 2023. Comparative assessment of the heavy metal phytoextraction potential of vegetables from agricultural soils: a field experiment. Heliyon, 9(2): e13547. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13547
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