A novel analytical strategy for rapid detection of antibiotic dregs adulteration in feed protein materials by headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry
Main Article Content
Keywords
headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility, volatile organic compounds, multivariate statistical analysis, feed safety
Abstract
The recognized shortage of feed protein materials (FPM), together with their high prices, has almost inevitably led to economically motivated adulteration. In this study, a rapid and accurate headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) method was applied to detect soybean meal (SM) and cottonseed meal (CM) adulteration with oxytetracycline dregs (OD). A total of 98 volatile compounds were detected in the 14 samples (5 SM, 5 CM, and 4 OD). FPMs and adulterated FPMs in different proportions (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5%, w/w) were clas-sified based on their volatile compounds using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The OPLS-DA model could identify SM-adulterated samples with an OD content of 0.5–5% and CM-adulterated samples with an OD content of 1–5%. More importantly, 18 volatile com-pounds (ether and heterocycle [1 each], acids and terpenes [2 each], and ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and esters [3 each]) were proposed as volatile markers for OD authentication from FPMs. These results confirmed the potential of HS-GC-IMS to evaluate volatiles in FPMs and are meaningful for FPMs quality. The environmental factors and sample differences will be investigated in future studies to improve the robustness and reliability of HS-GC-IMS.
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