Quality characteristics of soybean germ oil obtained by innovative subcritical butane experimental equipment
Main Article Content
Keywords
extraction, phytosterol, quality, soybean germ oil, subcritical butane
Abstract
Subcritical butane extraction (SBE) was used to extract oil from soybean germ and was compared with conventional n-hexane extraction (CHE) and supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2E) methods. By analysing the extraction yield, composition of fatty acids and characteristic functional contents such as tocopherol, phytosterols and phospholipids in soybean germ oil (SGO), the selective extraction characteristics of subcritical butane were evaluated. The results indicate that compared to CHE and SC-CO2E, SBE had no significant difference on oil yield, fatty acid compositions, acid value and peroxide value of SGO. However, the contents of phytosterol and tocopherol in the oil extracted by SBE (2,772.9 and 188.9 mg/100 g) were evidently higher than those extracted by CHE (1,437.2 and 171.3 mg/100 g), with both being lower than those of supercritical CO2 extracted oil (3,982.4 and 227.6 mg/100 g). And, the content of phospholipids in SGO extracted by SBE (23.92 mg/g) was lower than that extracted CHE (38.47 mg/g). In conclusion, SBE was able to retain the bioactive compounds in SGO when compared with CHE.
References
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Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Kanrei, S. and Mizushina, Y., 2006. Regional characterization of tocopherols and distribution of fatty acids within soybean seeds (Glycine max L.). Journal of Food Lipids 13: 12-26.
Yu, J., Liu, Y.F., Qiu, A.Y. and Wang, X.G., 2007. Preparation of isoflavones enriched soy protein isolate from defatted soy hypocotyls by supercritical CO2. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40: 800-806.
Yu, Z.R., Singh, B., Rizvi, S.S. and Zollweg, J.A., 1994. Solubilities of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, and fats and oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7: 51-59.
Catchpole, O., Ryan, J., Zhu, Y., Fletcher, K., Grey, J., Vyssotski, M., Mackenzie, A., Nekrasov, E. and Mitchell, K., 2010. Extraction of lipids from fermentation biomass using near-critical dimethyl ether. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 53: 34-41.
Corso, M.P., Fagundes-Klen, M.R., Silva, E.A., Cardozo Filho, L., Santos, J.N., Freitas, L.S. and Dariva, C., 2010. Extraction of sesame seed (Sesamun indicum L.) oil using compressed propane and supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 52: 56-61.
Cravotto, G., Robaldo, B., Binello, A., Viola, F., Oliaro Bosso, S. and Avogadro, M., 2005. Soybean germ oil inhibits oxidosqualene cyclase in 3T3 fibroblasts. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107: 701-705.
Dunford, N.T. and Martinez, J., 2003. Nutritional components of supercritical carbon dioxide extracted wheat germ oil. In: 6thInternational Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, Versailles, France, pp. 273-278.
Dunford, N.T. and Temelli, F., 1995. Extraction of phospholipids from canola with supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 72: 1009-1015.
Dunford, N.T., Irmak, S. and Jonnala, R., 2009. Effect of the solvent type and temperature on phytosterol contents and compositions of wheat straw, bran, and germ extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 10608-10611.
Eisenmenger, M., Dunford, N.T., Eller, F., Taylor, S. and Martinez, J., 2006. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 83: 863-868.
Gu, L.W. and Gu,W.Y., 2000. Analysis of composition in soy germ [in Chinese]. China Oils Fats 25: 137-140.
Hadolin, M., Skerget, M., Knez, Z. and Bauman, D., 2001. High pressure extraction of vitamin E-rich oil from Silybum marianum. Food Chemistry 74: 355-364.
Hamdan, S., Daood, H.G., Toth-Markus, M. and Illés, V., 2008. Extraction of cardamom oil by supercritical carbon dioxide and sub-critical propane. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 44: 25-30.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2006, Oilseed meals – Determination of oil content – Part 1: extraction method with hexane (or light petroleum), ISO 734-1:2006. ISO, Genève, Zwitserland.
Krings, U. and Berger, R.G., 2001. Antioxidant activity of some roasted foods. Food Chemistry 72: 223-229.
Lanza, M., Ndiaye, P.M., Tavares, F.W., Oliveira, D., Dariva, C. and Oliveira, J.V., 2005. Phase behavior of castor oil in compressed propane and n-butane. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 34: 215-221.
Nimet, G., Da Silva, E.A., Palú, F., Dariva, C., Dos Santos Freitas, L., Neto, A.M. and Cardozo Filho, L., 2011. Extraction of sunflower (Heliantus annuus L.) oil with supercritical CO2 and subcritical propane: experimental and modeling. Chemical Engineering Journal 168: 262-268.
Ozawa, Y., Sato, H., Nakatani, A. and Mori, O., 2001. Chemical composition of soybean oil extracted from hypocotyl-enriched soybean raw material and its cholesterol lowering effects in rats. Journal of Oleo Science 50: 217-223.
Panfili, G., Cinquanta, L., Fratianni, A. and Cubadda, R., 2003. Extraction of wheat germ oil by supercritical CO2: oil and defatted cake characterization. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 80: 157-161.
Pederssetti, M.M., Palú, F., Da Silva, E.A., Rohling, J.H., Cardozo-Filho, L. and Dariva, C., 2011. Extraction of canola seed (Brassica napus) oil using compressed propane and supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Food Engineering 102: 189-196.
Pereira, C.G. and Meireles, M.A.A., 2010. Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds: fundamentals, applications and economic perspectives. Food and Bioprocess Technology 3: 340-372.
Pradhan, R.C., Meda, V., Rout, P.K., Naik, S. and Dalai, A.K., 2010. Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes. Journal of Food Engineering 98: 393-397.
Pronyk, C. and Mazza, G., 2009. Design and scale-up of pressurized fluid extractors for food and bioproducts. Journal of Food Engineering 95: 215-226.
Qi, K. and Wang, X.D., 1995. Research on extraction of oil with liquefied petroleum gas [in Chinese]. China Oils and Fats 20: 16-22.
Rosenthal, H. and Trevithlek, H.P., 1934. Low boiling hydrocarbons as oil extraction media. Oil and Soap 77: 133-134.
Sahena, F., Zaidul, I.S.M., Jinap, S., Karim, A.A., Abbas, K.A., Norulaini, N.A.N. and Omar, A.K.M., 2009. Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction – a review. Journal of Food Engineering 95: 240-253.
Shao, P., Sun, P. and Ying, Y., 2008. Response surface optimization of wheat germ oil yield by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food and Bioprocess Technology 86: 227-231.
Song, Y.Q., Yu, D.Y., Zhang, X.H. and Zhang, Z., 2007. Study on extraction of soy germ oil with supercritical carbon dioxide [in Chinese]. Journal of Food Science 10: 293-297.
Sovova, H., Zarevucka, M., Vacek, M. and Stránský, K., 2001. Solubility of two vegetable oils in supercritical CO2. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 20: 15-28.
Sparks, D., Hernandez, R., Zappi, M., Blackwell, D. and Fleming, T., 2006. Extraction of rice bran oil using supercritical carbon dioxide and propane. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 83: 885-891.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China (SAC), 2003. GB/T5009.37-2003. Analytical methods for hygienic standard of edible vegetable oil. SAC, Beijing, China P.R.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China (SAC), 2005. GB/T5538-2005. Measurment of the peroxide value for animal and vegetable fats. SAC, Beijing, China P.R.
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China (SAC), 2008. GB/T5537-2008. Inspection of grain and oils – Determination of phosphatide content. SAC, Beijing, China P.R.
Tres, M.V., MohR, S., Di Luccio, M. and Vladimir Oliveira, J., 2009. Low-pressure solubility of propane and n-butane in refined soybean oil. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 41: 1378-1381.
Wang, X.D., 2012. Oil crops: research on extracting sesame oil by subcritical extraction technology. In: Book of abstracts of the 14thICC Cereal and Bread Congress and Forum on Fats and Oils. ICC, Vienna, Austria.
Wang, X.D. and Liu, K.S., 2005. Extraction with compressed petroleum gases for specialty oil and meal products. INFORM April 1, 2005.
Xu, B., Han, J.H., Zhou, S.L., Wu, Q.F. and Ding, F., 2016. Quality characteristics of wheat germ oil obtained by innovative subcritical butane experimental equipment. Journal of Food Process Engineering 39: 79-87.
Yoshida, H., Tomiyama, Y., Kanrei, S. and Mizushina, Y., 2006. Regional characterization of tocopherols and distribution of fatty acids within soybean seeds (Glycine max L.). Journal of Food Lipids 13: 12-26.
Yu, J., Liu, Y.F., Qiu, A.Y. and Wang, X.G., 2007. Preparation of isoflavones enriched soy protein isolate from defatted soy hypocotyls by supercritical CO2. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40: 800-806.
Yu, Z.R., Singh, B., Rizvi, S.S. and Zollweg, J.A., 1994. Solubilities of fatty acids, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, and fats and oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7: 51-59.
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Feb 1, 2016
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