Assessment of the chemical adulteration and hygienic quality of raw cow milk in the northwest of Iran
Main Article Content
Keywords
raw milk, hygiene, quality, adulteration, Iran
Abstract
Milk adulteration and its hygienic quality has become a global concern particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. So, the awareness of consumers about the common adulterations and the quality level of milk and dairy products are important. The present study was carried out to determine the common chemical adulterants added to raw cow milk by the suppliers from rural areas in the northwest of Iran. Furthermore, the hygienic quality of samples was investigated. A total of 100 samples of raw cow milk were randomly collected from different local markets of dairy products in the northwest of Iran. The results showed that formalin and sodium bicarbonate were present in 8 and 10% of the raw milk samples respectively. However, the adulteration with starch, sugar or skim milk powder, detergents, pulverized soap, chromate and dichromate, hydrogen peroxide were not determined in any of the samples. The mean pH values of collected samples were 6.46±0.11. The methylene blue reduction test also showed that only 44% of raw milk samples had proper hygienic quality. The results of Alcohol test and Clot-on-boiling test were positive in 20 and 43% of samples respectively. The total bacterial count of raw cow milk was in the range of 5.65 to 6.19 log cfu/ml. The results of present study showed that raw cow milk samples did not meet recommended standards, had poor hygienic quality and adulterated with formalin and bicarbonates which are harmful to the health of consumers
References
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Mudgil, D. and Barak, S., 2013. Synthetic milk: a threat to Indian dairy industry. Carpathian Journal of Food Science & Technology 5: 64-68.
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Oladipo, I.C., Tona, G.O., Akinlabi, E.E. and Bosede, O.E., 2016. Bacteriological quality of raw cow’s milk from different dairy farms in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 3: 1-6.
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Renny, E.F., Daniel, D.K., Krastanov, A.I., Zachariah, C.A. and Elizabeth, R., 2005. Enzyme based sensor for detection of urea in milk. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 19: 198-201.
Rideout, T.C., Liu, Q., Wood, P. and Fan, M.Z., 2008. Nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation are differentially affected by the consumption of resistant starch varieties and conventional fibres in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 99: 984-992.
Ruegg, P.L. and Reinemann, D.J., 2002. Milk quality and mastitis tests. Bovine Practitioner 36: 41-55.
Saeed, A.E.A, Zubeir, E.M. and Owni, O.A.O, 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria associated with raw milk contaminated by chemical preservatives. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences 4: 65-69.
Salih, M.A. and Yang, S., 2017. Common milk adulteration in developing countries cases study in China and Sudan: a review. Journal of Advanced Dairy Research 5: 1-4.
Shojaei, Z.A. and Yadollahi, A., 2008. Physicochemical and microbiological quality of raw, pasteurized and UHT milks in shops. Asian Journal of Scientific Research 1: 532-538.
Singh, A., Chandra, G., Aggarwal, A. and Kumar, P., 2012. Adulteration detection in milk. Research News for U 5: 52-55.
Singh, P. and Gandhi, N., 2015. Milk preservatives and adulterants: processing, regulatory and safety issues. Food Reviews International 31: 236-261.
Singuluri, H. and Sukumaran, M.K., 2014. Milk adulteration in Hyderabad, India – a comparative study on the levels of different adulterants present in milk. Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques 5: 1-3.
Spink, J. and Moyer, D.C., 2011. Defining the public health threat of food fraud. Journal of Food Science 76: R157-R163.
Tassew, A. and Seifu, E., 2011. Microbial quality of raw cow’s milk collected from farmers and dairy cooperatives in Bahir Dar Zuria and Mecha district, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2: 29-33.
Wheatley, V.M. and Spink, J., 2013. Defining the public health threat of dietary supplement fraud. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12: 599-613.
Ashenafi, M., 1990. Microbiological quality of Ayib, a traditional Ethiopian cottage cheese. International Journal of Food Microbiology 10: 263-268.
Azad, T. and Ahmed, S., 2016. Common milk adulteration and their detection techniques. International Journal of Food Contamination 3: 1-9.
Barros, L.S.D.S., De Oliveira Sóglia, S.L., De Jesus Ferreira, M., De Jesus Rodrigues, M. and Branco, M.P.C., 2011. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida species in crude milk. Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials 3: 206-212.
Bereda, A., Yilma, Z. and Nurfeta, A., 2012. Hygienic and microbial quality of raw whole cow’s milk produced in Ezha district of the Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia. Wudpecker Journal of Agricultural Research 1: 459-465.
Chanda, T., Debnath, G.K., Hossain, M.E., Islam, M.A. and Begum, M.K., 2012. Adulteration of raw milk in the rural areas of Barisal district of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 41: 112-115.
Dadgostar, P., Jariteh, R., Nateghi, L. and Yousefi, M., 2013. Evaluation and comparison the physicochemical properties of different commercial milk product. European Journal of Experimental Biology 3: 102-105.
De Silva, S.A.S.D., Kanugala, K.A.N.P. and Weerakkody, N.S., 2016. Microbiological quality of raw milk and effect on quality by implementing good management practices. Procedia Food Science 6: 92-96.
Debnath, A., Banerjee, S., Rai, C. and Roy, A., 2015. Qualitative detection of adulterants in milk samples from Kolkata and its suburban areas. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Science 3: 81-88.
El-Loly, M.M., Mansour, A.I.A. and Ahmed, R.O., 2013. Evaluation of raw milk for common commercial additives and heat treatments. Internet Journal of Food Safety 15: 7-10.
Faraz, A., Lateef, M., Mustafa, M.I., Akhtar, P., Yaqoob, M. and Rehman, S., 2013. Detection of adulteration, chemical composition and hygienic status of milk supplied to various canteens of educational institutes and public places in Faisalabad. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23: 119-124.
Fernandes de Oliveira, C.A., Camargo Lopes, L., Rosim, R.E., Fernandes, A.M. and Corassin, C.H., 2013. Composition, somatic cell count and casein fractions of ethanol unstable milks. Acta Scientiarum – Technology 35: 153-156.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2019. Food outlook: biannual report on global food markets, May 2019. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/ca4526en/ca4526en.pdf
Gwandu, S.H., Nonga, H.E., Mdegela, R.H., Katakweba, A.S., Suleiman, T.S. and Ryoba, R., 2018. Assessment of raw cow milk quality in smallholder dairy farms in Pemba Island Zanzibar, Tanzania. Veterinary Medicine International, Article ID: 1031726.
Hamiti, X., Ilirjana, B., Pranvera, L., Bardhi, G. and Xinxo, A., 2014. Physicochemical quality of raw milk from dairy factories in 5 Albanian regions. Journal of Natural and Technical Science 19: 47-53.
Hawaz, E., Getachew, T., Hailu, Y., Seifu, E., Ketema, M. and Aman, M., 2015. Physicochemical properties and microbial quality of raw cow milk collected from Harar milk-shed, eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Biological and Chemical Research 32: 606-616.
Henry, A. and Newlander, L., 1977. Chemistry and testing of dairy products. AVI Publishing Co. Inc., CT, USA, pp. 268-303.
Hossain, M.B. and Dev, S.R., 2013. Physiochemical characteristics of various raw milk samples in a selected dairy plant of Bangladesh. International Journal of Engineering 1: 2305-8269.
Imran, M., Khan, H., Hassan, S.S. and Khan, R., 2008. Physicochemical characteristics of various milk samples available in Pakistan. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 9: 546-551.
Kalantari, A.S., Mehrabani-Yeganeh, H., Moradi, M., Sanders, A.H. and De Vries, A., 2010. Determining the optimum replacement policy for Holstein dairy herds in Iran. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 2262-2270.
Kamthania, M., Saxena, J., Saxena, K. and Sharma, D.K., 2014. Milk adulteration: methods of detection and remedial measures. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research 1: 15-20.
Kandpal, S.D., Srivastava, A.K. and Negi, K.S., 2012. Estimation of quality of raw milk (open and branded) by milk adulteration testing kit. Indian Journal of Community Health 24: 188-192.
Legesse, A., Adamu, F., Alamirew, K. and Feyera, T., 2017. A comparative study on the physicochemical parameters of milk of camel, cow and goat in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. Chemical Sciences 8: 1-5.
Mahmood, A. and Usman, S., 2010. A comparative study on the physicochemical parameters of milk samples collected from buffalo, cow, goat and sheep of Gujrat, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9: 1192-1197.
Malacarne, M., Summer, A., Franceschi, P., Formaggioni, P., Pecorari, M., Panari, G., Vecchia, P., Sandri, S., Fossa, E., Scotti, C. and Mariani, P., 2013. Effects of storage conditions on physico-chemical characteristics, salt equilibria, processing properties and microbial development of raw milk. International Dairy Journal 29: 36-41.
Mudgil, D. and Barak, S., 2013. Synthetic milk: a threat to Indian dairy industry. Carpathian Journal of Food Science & Technology 5: 64-68.
Nicolaou, N., Xu, Y. and Goodacre, R., 2010. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the detection and quantification of different milk species. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 399: 3491-3502.
O’Connor, C., 1995. Rural dairy technology. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 20-41.
Oladipo, I.C., Tona, G.O., Akinlabi, E.E. and Bosede, O.E., 2016. Bacteriological quality of raw cow’s milk from different dairy farms in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 3: 1-6.
Reddy, D., Venkatesh, K. and Reddy, C., 2017. Adulteration of milk and its detection: a review. International Journal of Chemical Studies 5: 613-617.
Renny, E.F., Daniel, D.K., Krastanov, A.I., Zachariah, C.A. and Elizabeth, R., 2005. Enzyme based sensor for detection of urea in milk. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 19: 198-201.
Rideout, T.C., Liu, Q., Wood, P. and Fan, M.Z., 2008. Nutrient utilisation and intestinal fermentation are differentially affected by the consumption of resistant starch varieties and conventional fibres in pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 99: 984-992.
Ruegg, P.L. and Reinemann, D.J., 2002. Milk quality and mastitis tests. Bovine Practitioner 36: 41-55.
Saeed, A.E.A, Zubeir, E.M. and Owni, O.A.O, 2009. Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria associated with raw milk contaminated by chemical preservatives. World Journal of Dairy and Food Sciences 4: 65-69.
Salih, M.A. and Yang, S., 2017. Common milk adulteration in developing countries cases study in China and Sudan: a review. Journal of Advanced Dairy Research 5: 1-4.
Shojaei, Z.A. and Yadollahi, A., 2008. Physicochemical and microbiological quality of raw, pasteurized and UHT milks in shops. Asian Journal of Scientific Research 1: 532-538.
Singh, A., Chandra, G., Aggarwal, A. and Kumar, P., 2012. Adulteration detection in milk. Research News for U 5: 52-55.
Singh, P. and Gandhi, N., 2015. Milk preservatives and adulterants: processing, regulatory and safety issues. Food Reviews International 31: 236-261.
Singuluri, H. and Sukumaran, M.K., 2014. Milk adulteration in Hyderabad, India – a comparative study on the levels of different adulterants present in milk. Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques 5: 1-3.
Spink, J. and Moyer, D.C., 2011. Defining the public health threat of food fraud. Journal of Food Science 76: R157-R163.
Tassew, A. and Seifu, E., 2011. Microbial quality of raw cow’s milk collected from farmers and dairy cooperatives in Bahir Dar Zuria and Mecha district, Ethiopia. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 2: 29-33.
Wheatley, V.M. and Spink, J., 2013. Defining the public health threat of dietary supplement fraud. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12: 599-613.