Evaluation of Raman microscopy for the detection of additional monosodium glutamate in dry soup mix
Main Article Content
Keywords
monosodium glutamate, Raman, mapping, imaging, DCLS
Abstract
This article presents Raman chemical mapping application for the detection of adulterant monosodium glutamate (MSG) in dry soup mix. MSG may cause various damages to the health of people. Therefore, there are legal regulations for this compound both in Turkish Food Codex and European Union Directives. Most of the times, the main problem is that MSG is added into dry soup products without declaration on the label. Food control mechanisms need effective and real-time monitoring methods to check the reliability of the product labels in order to maintain food safety and alleviate public doubts. In this study, MSG was added into dry soup mix at a concentration (w/w) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% and chemical maps were obtained using multivariate data analysis techniques such as direct classical least squares (DCLS) component analysis. MSG was successfully detected and spectral and spatial distribution of the MSG within the commercial and laboratory-prepared dry soup samples was accomplished, with a detection limit of 0.1%. The results obtained were confirmed by a robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique.
References
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Freeman, M., 2006. Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: a literature review. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 18: 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x
Gowen, A.A., O’Donnell, C.P., Cullen, P.J., Downey, G. and Frias, J.M., 2007. Hyperspectral imaging—an emerging process analytical tool for food quality and safety control. Trends in Food Science and Technology 18: 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2007.06.001
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Lau, O.W. and Mok, C.S., 1995. Indirect conductometric detection of amino acids after liquid chromatographic separation. Part II. determination of monosodium glutamate in foods. Analytica Chimica Acta 302: 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00423-J
McAughtrie, S., Lau, K., Faulds, K. and Graham, D., 2013. 3D optical imaging of multiple SERS nanotags in cells. Chemical Science 4: 3566. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc51437d
Navarrete, J.T.L., Hernandez, V. and Ramirez, F., 1994. Vibrational spectra of [15 N] glutamic acid and [2H4]glutamic acid. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 25: 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250251104
Peica, N., Lehene, C., Leopold, N., Schlücker, S. and Kiefer, W., 2007. Monosodium glutamate in its anhydrous and monohydrate form: differentiation by Raman spectroscopies and density functional calculations. Spectrochimica Acta—Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 66: 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.03.037
Populin, T., Moret, S., Truant, S. and Conte, L.S., 2007. A survey on the presence of free glutamic acid in foodstuffs, with and without added monosodium glutamate. Food Chemistry 104: 1712–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.034
Qin, J., Chao, K., Cho, B.K., Peng, Y. and Kim, M.S., 2014. High-throughput Raman chemical imaging for rapid evaluation of food safety and quality. Transactions of the ASABE 57: 1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.57.10862
Qin, J., Chao, K. and Kim, M.S., 2011. Investigation of Raman chemical imaging for detection of lycopene changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening. Journal of Food Engineering 107: 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.07.021
Qin, J., Chao, K. and Kim, M.S., 2013. Simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in dry milk using macro-scale Raman chemical imaging. Food Chemistry 138: 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.115
Savitzky, A. and Golay, M.J.E., 1964. Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Analytical Chemistry 36: 1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047
Schaumburg, H.H., Byck, R., Gerstl, R. and Mashman, J.H., 1969. Monosodium L-glutamate: its pharmacology and role in the Chinese restaurant syndrome. Science (New York, N.Y.) 163: 826–828. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3869.826
Shannon, M., Green, B., Willars, G., Wilson, J., Matthews, N., Lamb, J., Gillespie, A. and Connolly, L., 2017. The endocrine disrupting potential of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on secretion of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) gut hormone and GLP-1 receptor interaction. Toxicology Letters 265: 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.015
Shurvell, H.F. and Bergin, F.J., 1989. Raman spectra of L(+)-glutamic acid and related compounds. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 20: 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250200307
Skurray, G.R. and Pucar, N., 1988. L-Glutamic scid content of fresh and processed foods. Food Chemistry 27: 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(88)90060-X
Yongliang, L., Chao, K., Kim, M.S., Tuschel, D., Olkhovyk, O. and Priore, R.J., 2009. Potential of Raman spectroscopy and imaging methods for rapid and routine screening of the presence of melamine in animal feed and foods. Applied Spectroscopy 63: 477–480. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370209787944398
Zhang, L., Henson, M.J. and Sekulic, S.S., 2005. Multivariate data analysis for Raman imaging of a model pharmaceutical tablet. Analytica Chimica Acta 545: 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.080
Acebal, C.C., Lista, A.G. and Fernández Band, B.S., 2008. Simultaneous determination of flavor enhancers in stock cube samples by using spectrophotometric data and multivariate calibration. Food Chemistry 106: 811–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.06.009
Ault, A., 2004. The monosodium glutamate story: the commercial production of msg and other amino acids. Journal of Chemical Education 81: 347. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p347
Aung, H.P. and Pyell, U., 2015. In-capillary derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of 3-mercaptopropionic acid for the simultaneous determination of monosodium glutamate, benzoic acid, and sorbic acid in food samples via capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detectio. Journal of Chromatography A 1449: 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.033
Beyreuther, K., Biesalski, H.K., Fernstrom, J.D., Grimm, P., Hammes, W.P., Heinemann, U., Kempski, O., Stehle, P., Steinhart, H. and Walker, R., 2007. Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate—an update. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61: 304–313. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602526
Cebi, N., Dogan, C.E., Olgun, E.O. and Sagdic, O., 2018. A survey of free glutamic acid in foods using a robust LC–MS/MS method. Food Chemistry 248: 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.033
Chen, H., Song, Q., Tang, G., Feng, Q. and Lin, L., 2013. The combined optimization of Savitzky-Golay smoothing and multiplicative scatter correction for FT-NIR PLS models. International Scholarly Research Notices 2013: 642190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/642190
Demirhan, B.E., Demirhan, B., Sönmez, C., Torul, H., Tamer, U. and Yentür, G., 2015. Monosodium glutamate in chicken and beef stock cubes using high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 8: 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2014.991355
Dhamelincourt, P. and Ramírez, F.J., 1991. Polarized micro-Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of L-glutamic acid. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 22: 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250221007
Ekrami, E., Okazi, M., Kang, Q., Zhou, W., Li, Q., Gao, B., Fan, J., Shen, D., Turabik, M., Rojas, F.S., Ojeda, C.B., Pavon, J.M., Lettre, D.P., Patel, K.N., Patel, J.K., Rajput, G.C., Rajgor, N.B., Sahel, K., Perol, N., Dappozze, F., Bouhent, M., Derriche, Z. and Guillard, C., 2010. Analysis of dye concentrations using derivative spectrophotometric techniques. Talanta 212: 139–150.
Eksi-Kocak, H., Mentes-Yilmaz, O. and Boyaci, I.H., 2016. Detection of green pea adulteration in pistachio nut granules by using Raman hyperspectral imaging. European Food Research and Technology 242: 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2538-3
Freeman, M., 2006. Reconsidering the effects of monosodium glutamate: a literature review. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 18: 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00160.x
Gowen, A.A., O’Donnell, C.P., Cullen, P.J., Downey, G. and Frias, J.M., 2007. Hyperspectral imaging—an emerging process analytical tool for food quality and safety control. Trends in Food Science and Technology 18: 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2007.06.001
Kabischt, G. and Klose, M., 1978. A Raman spectroscopic study of aqueous and methanolic tetrame thylammonium chloride solutions. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 7: 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250070604
Khampha, W., Yakovleva, J., Isarangkul, D., Wiyakrutta, S., Meevootisom, V. and Emnéus, J., 2004. Specific detection of L-glutamate in food using flow-injection analysis and enzymatic recycling of substrate. Analytica Chimica Acta 518: 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.048
Lau, O.W. and Mok, C.S., 1995. Indirect conductometric detection of amino acids after liquid chromatographic separation. Part II. determination of monosodium glutamate in foods. Analytica Chimica Acta 302: 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(94)00423-J
McAughtrie, S., Lau, K., Faulds, K. and Graham, D., 2013. 3D optical imaging of multiple SERS nanotags in cells. Chemical Science 4: 3566. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc51437d
Navarrete, J.T.L., Hernandez, V. and Ramirez, F., 1994. Vibrational spectra of [15 N] glutamic acid and [2H4]glutamic acid. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 25: 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250251104
Peica, N., Lehene, C., Leopold, N., Schlücker, S. and Kiefer, W., 2007. Monosodium glutamate in its anhydrous and monohydrate form: differentiation by Raman spectroscopies and density functional calculations. Spectrochimica Acta—Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 66: 604–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2006.03.037
Populin, T., Moret, S., Truant, S. and Conte, L.S., 2007. A survey on the presence of free glutamic acid in foodstuffs, with and without added monosodium glutamate. Food Chemistry 104: 1712–1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.034
Qin, J., Chao, K., Cho, B.K., Peng, Y. and Kim, M.S., 2014. High-throughput Raman chemical imaging for rapid evaluation of food safety and quality. Transactions of the ASABE 57: 1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.57.10862
Qin, J., Chao, K. and Kim, M.S., 2011. Investigation of Raman chemical imaging for detection of lycopene changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening. Journal of Food Engineering 107: 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.07.021
Qin, J., Chao, K. and Kim, M.S., 2013. Simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in dry milk using macro-scale Raman chemical imaging. Food Chemistry 138: 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.115
Savitzky, A. and Golay, M.J.E., 1964. Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Analytical Chemistry 36: 1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047
Schaumburg, H.H., Byck, R., Gerstl, R. and Mashman, J.H., 1969. Monosodium L-glutamate: its pharmacology and role in the Chinese restaurant syndrome. Science (New York, N.Y.) 163: 826–828. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.163.3869.826
Shannon, M., Green, B., Willars, G., Wilson, J., Matthews, N., Lamb, J., Gillespie, A. and Connolly, L., 2017. The endocrine disrupting potential of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on secretion of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) gut hormone and GLP-1 receptor interaction. Toxicology Letters 265: 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.015
Shurvell, H.F. and Bergin, F.J., 1989. Raman spectra of L(+)-glutamic acid and related compounds. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 20: 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1250200307
Skurray, G.R. and Pucar, N., 1988. L-Glutamic scid content of fresh and processed foods. Food Chemistry 27: 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(88)90060-X
Yongliang, L., Chao, K., Kim, M.S., Tuschel, D., Olkhovyk, O. and Priore, R.J., 2009. Potential of Raman spectroscopy and imaging methods for rapid and routine screening of the presence of melamine in animal feed and foods. Applied Spectroscopy 63: 477–480. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370209787944398
Zhang, L., Henson, M.J. and Sekulic, S.S., 2005. Multivariate data analysis for Raman imaging of a model pharmaceutical tablet. Analytica Chimica Acta 545: 262–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.080
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Jan 6, 2020
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Çebi, N., Öztürk, T., Doğan, C., & Sağdıç, O. (2020). Evaluation of Raman microscopy for the detection of additional monosodium glutamate in dry soup mix. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15586/QAS2019.631
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How to Cite
Çebi, N., Öztürk, T., Doğan, C., & Sağdıç, O. (2020). Evaluation of Raman microscopy for the detection of additional monosodium glutamate in dry soup mix. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 12(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.15586/QAS2019.631