Radiological assessment of internal exposure resulting from ingestion of natural radionuclides in Arachis hypogaea L. grown in Turkey
Main Article Content
Keywords
Groundnut, natural radioactivity, internal exposure, radiological hazards, annual effective dose, gamma-ray spectrometer
Abstract
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important of all legumes and contains appreciable amounts of dietary oil and protein. Groundnut is added to many foods to enhance their levels of high-quality protein in diets lacking in nutrition. In this study, 51 groundnut samples were collected from the Mediterranean region of Turkey and analysed for naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of radium (226Ra), thorium (232Th) and potassium (40K). The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in groundnut samples varied from 2.9 ± 0.8 to 7.6 ± 1.0 Bq kg−1 (dw), with an average of 5.4 Bq kg−1 (dw); 4.4 ± 0.9 to 10.7 ± 1.2 Bq kg−1 (dw), with an average of 6.9 Bq kg−1 (dw) and 246.3 ± 18.2 to 541.8 ± 40.1 Bq kg−1 (dw), with an average of 427.1 Bq kg−1 (dw), respectively. The annual effective radiation dose was estimated to assess the health hazards caused by the ingestion of groundnut samples based on the measured activity concentrations of the radionuclides contained in them. The annual effective radiation dose varied from 6.5 to 10.1 µSv y−1, with an average of 8.3 ± 0.1 µSv y−1. The results revealed that consumption of Turkish groundnuts does not pose any radiological health hazards.
References
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Zhang, T., Hu, S., Yan, C., Li, C., Zhao, X., Wan, S. and Shan, S., 2017. Mining, identification and function analysis of microRNAs and target genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 111: 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.018
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Bianucci, E., Furlan, A., Rivadeneira, J., Sobrino-Plata, J., Carpena-Ruiz, R.O., Tordable, M.C., Fabra, A., Hernández, L.E. and Castro, S., 2013. Influence of cadmium on the symbiotic interaction established between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and sensitive or tolerant bradyrhizobial strains. Journal of Environmental Management 130: 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.056
Bishi, S.K., Kumar, L., Mahatma, M.K., Khatediya, N., Chauhan, S.M. and Misra, J.B., 2015. Quality traits of Indian peanut cultivars and their utility as nutritional and functional food. Food Chemistry 167: 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.076
Canbazoğlu, C. and Doğru, M., 2013. A preliminary study on 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations in vegetables and fruits frequently consumed by inhabitants of Elazığ Region, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 295: 1245–1249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-1995-4
Çevik, U., Celik, N., Celik, A., Damla, N. and Coskuncelebi, K., 2009. Radioactivity and heavy metal levels in hazelnut growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47: 2351–2355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.029
Cheng, S., Huang, C., Lin, S. and Chen, K., 2015. Feasibility of using peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for phytoattenuation on lead-contaminated agricultural land-an in situ study. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 20: 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.018
Görür, F.K., Keser, R., Akçay, N., Dizman, S., As, N. and Okumuşoğlu, N.T., 2012. Radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations of food samples from Rize, Turkey. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92(2): 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4576
Guo, X., Xiong, H., Shen, H., Qiu, W., Ji, C., Zhang, Z. and Zuo, Y., 2014. Dynamics in the rhizosphere and iron-uptake gene expression in peanut induced by intercropping with maize: role in improving iron nutrition in peanut. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 76: 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.019
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 1996. Age-depended doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides. Part 5: compilations of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficient, Pergamon, vol. 72.
Jia, G. and Jia, J., 2012. Determination of radium isotopes in environmental samples by gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrometry: a review of analytical methodology. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 106: 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.003
Kraimat, M. and Bissati, S., 2017. Characterization of genotypic variability associated to the phosphorus bioavailability in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Annals of Agricultural Sciences 62: 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2017.01.004
Lenntech, 2018. Chemical properties of potassium - Health effects of potassium - Environmental effects of potassium. Available at: https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/k.htm#ixzz68aEkN7nr.
Liu, J., Wang, X., Zhang, T. and Li, X., 2017. Assessment of active bacteria metabolizing phenolic acids in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) rhizosphere. Microbiological Research 205: 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.09.005
Meena, H.N., Meena, M. and Yadav, R.S., 2016. Comparative performance of seed types on yield potential of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under saline irrigation. Field Crops Research 196: 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.06.006
Msimbira, L.A., Jaiswal, S.K. and Dakora, F.D., 2016. Identification and characterization of phages parasitic on bradyrhizobia nodulating groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in South Africa. Applied Soil Ecology 108: 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.09.010
Phan-Thien, K., Wright, G.C. and Lee, N.A., 2012. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for determination of essential minerals in closed acid digestates of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Food Chemistry 134: 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.095
Sarvamangala, C., Gowda, M.V.C. and Varshney, R.K., 2011. Identification of quantitative trait loci for protein content, oil content and oil quality for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field Crops Research 122: 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.02.010
Shi, G., Su, G., Lu, Z., Liu, C. and Wang, X., 2014. Relationship between biomass, seed components and seed Cd concentration in various peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars grown on Cd-contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 110: 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.003
Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK), 2009. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Monitoring of Environmental Radioactivity. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara (in Turkish).
Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK), 2013. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Turkish Environmental Radioactivity Atlas. Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, Ankara (in Turkish).
TUİK, 2017. Turkish Statistical Institute. Available at: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
Turhan, Ş., Atıcı, E. and Varinlioğlu, A., 2015.Radiometric analysis of volcanic tuff stones used as ornamental and structural building materials in Turkey and evaluation of radiological risk. Radioprotection 50(4): 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2015020
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations Publication, New York, USA.
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), 2008. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations Publication, New York, USA.
Vuong, L.Q., Chuong, H.D., Nguyen, V.H., Hung, N.Q., Thanh, T.T. and Tao, C.V., 2017. Revision of nuclear data of 235U and 226Ra for the 186-keV gamma-ray peak for the determination of activity in environmental samples. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 314: 1273–1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-017-5461-1
Waliyar, F., Umeh, V.C., Traore, A., Osiru, M., Ntare, B.R., Diarra, B., Kodio, O., Kumar, K.V.K. and Sudini, H., 2015. Prevalence and distribution of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Mali, West Africa. Crop Protection 70: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.12.007
Willmon, D., Devireddy, A.R., Inupakutika, M., Puppala, N. and Cho, Y., 2017. Stress responses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes as measured by trigonelline content after exposure to UV-B radiation. America Journal of Plant Sciences 8: 998–1010. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.85066
Zhang, T., Hu, S., Yan, C., Li, C., Zhao, X., Wan, S. and Shan, S., 2017. Mining, identification and function analysis of microRNAs and target genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 111: 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.018
Zhao, Z., Wu, M., Zhan, Y., Zhan, K., Chang, X., Yang, H. and Li, Z., 2017. Characterization and purification of anthocyanins from black peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) skin by combined column chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 1519: 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.078
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