Potassium–calcium antagonistic interaction under tomato magnesium deficiency and magnesium fertiliser regulation in solar greenhouse
Main Article Content
Keywords
calcareous soil, cation ratio, soil nutrient, yield
Abstract
This study sought to clarify the antagonistic interactions of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) to magnesium (Mg) under a deficiency of Mg in tomato. Tomato leaves and soil samples that had differing levels of Mg deficiency were collected to study the relationship between symptoms of Mg deficiency and contents of soil K and Ca. Four different Mg fertiliser treatments were conducted to analyse the regulation of Mg for soil K, Ca and Mg. The results showed the following: (1) The yield of tomatoes decreased significantly with an increase in Mg deficiency, and the yield of tomatoes with moderate (MD) and severe (SD) Mg deficiency decreased by 38.02% and 59.53%, respectively, compared with treatments without Mg deficiency (ND). (2) The cation saturation ratio of K+ (CSRK+) was significantly higher with MD and SD compared with ND, while the CSRMg2+ was lower. The soil K/Mg and Ca/Mg values were higher than the critical value of imbalance. (3) The soil exchangeable K, CSRK+, Ca/Mg and K/Mg under SD increased significantly when compared with that under ND. (4) The content of Mg in tomato leaves and its yield were significantly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable K, CSRK+ and K/Mg. (5) With the increase in application of Mg fertiliser, the soil exchangeable K content, K/Mg and CSRK+ decreased significantly, while the Ca/K increased. The soil exchangeable K content, K/Mg and CSRK+ with 90 kg/ha MgSO4 and 234 kg/ha K2O applied (M2K1 treatment) were the lowest among all treatments. (6) The yields of tomatoes and uptake of Ca and Mg increased as supply of Mg increased. (7). Reducing the application of K was a much more efficient way to decrease soil K/Mg and restore cation imbalance than providing Mg fertiliser in calcareous soil.
References
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Cakmak, I., 2013. Magnesium in crop production, food quality and human health. Plant and Soil 368: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1781-2
Cakmak, I. and Kirkby, E.A., 2008. Role of magnesium in carbon partitioning and alleviating photooxidative damage.
Physiologia Plantarum 133: 692–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01042.x
Chapman, H.D., 1966. Diagnostic criteria for plants and soils. University of California, Office of Agricultural Publications, 207 University Hall, Berkeley, Calif. 794 pp. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000040003x
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Chen, Z.J., Zhao, W.Y., Zhang, X.M., Zhou, C.C. and Zhou, J.B., 2013. Relationship of magnesium deficiency of tomato with salt composition and ion activities in greenhouse soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica 50(2): 388–395.
Ding, Y., Luo, W. and Xu, G., 2006. Characterisation of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice. Annals of Applied Biology 149(2): 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00080.x
Farhat, N. and Bouraoui, K., 2013. Interactive effects of excessive potassium and Mg deficiency on safflower. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 35: 2737–2745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1306-x
Genty, B., Brtantais, J.M. and Baker, N.R., 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 990(1): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(89)80016-9
Gransee, A. and Führs, H., 2013. Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil 368: 5–21. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11104-012-1567-y.
Guo, W.L., Nazim, H., Liang, Z.S. and Yang, D.F., 2016. Magnesium deficiency in plants: an urgent problem. The Crop Journal 4(2):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.11.003
Gupta, A.S. and Berkowitz, G.A., 1989. Development and use of chlorotetracycline fluorescence as a measurement assay of chloroplast envelope-bound Mg. Plant Physiology 89(3): 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.89.3.753
Hermans, C., Johnson, G.N., Strasser, R.J. and Verbruggen, N., 2004. Physiological characterization of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photosystems I and II. Planta 220: 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1340-4
Hermans, C. and Verbruggen, N., 2005. Physiological characterization of Mg deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 2153–2161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ eri215
Huang, J.H., Xu, J., Ye, X., Luo, T.Y., Ren, L.H., Fan, G.C., Qi, Y.P., Ferrarezi, R.S. and Chen, L.S., 2019. Magnesium deficiency
affects secondary lignification of the vascular system in Citrus sinensis seedlings. Trees 33(1): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1766-0
Huber, S.C. and Maury, W., 1980. Effeets of magnesium on intact chloroplasts. Plant Physical 65: 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.65.2.350
Jin, X.L., Ma, C.L., Yang, L.T. and Chen, L.S., 2016. Alterations of physiology and gene expression due to long-term magnesium-deficiency differ between leaves and roots of citrus reticulate. Journal of Plant Physiology 198: 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.011
Kaftan, D., Brumfeld, V., Nevo, R., Scherz, A. and Reich, Z., 2002. From chloroplasts to photosystems: in situ scanning force microscopy on intact thylakoid membranes. The EMBO Journal 21:6246–6253. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf624
Keitaro, T., Natsuko, I.K., Takayuki, S., Naoko, I., Risa, K., Ren, I., Hisashi, S., Atsushi, H., Yoshimi, O., Ryohei, S. and Tomoko, M.N., 2014. Effects of magnesium deficiency on magnesium uptake activity of rice root, evaluated using 28 Mg as a tracer. Plant and Soil 384(1–2): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2197-3
Kobayashi, N.I., Takayuki, S., Iwata, N., Ohmae, Y., Ren, I., Keitaro, T. and Tomoko, M.N., 2013. Leaf senescence in rice due to magnesium deficiency mediated defect in transpiration rate before sugar accumulation and chlorosis. Physiologia Plantarum 148: 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12003
Kochian, L.V., 1995. Cellular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46: 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.001321
Marschner, H., 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London, UK.
Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A., 2001. Principles of plant nutrition, 5th edition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherland.
Miller, R.W. and Donahue, R.L., 1995. Soil in our environment. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Ohno, T. and Grunes, D.L., 1985. Potassium-magnesium interactions affecting nutrient uptake by wheat forage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49: 685–690. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900030058x
Omar, M.A. and Kobbia, T.E.L., 1966. Some observations on the inter-relationships of potassium and magnesium. Soil Science 101:437–440. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196606000-00003
Panhwar, Q.A., Naher, U.A., Radziah, O., Shamshuddin, J. and Razi, I.M., 2014. Bio-fertilizer, ground magnesium limestone and basalt applications may improve chemical properties of Malaysian acid sulfate soils and rice growth. Pedosphere 24(6): 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(14)60070-9
Römheld, V. and Kirkby, E.A., 2007. Magnesium functions in crop nutrition and yield. In Proceedings of a confernce in Cambridge, Colchester, Essex, IFS 7, 151–171.
Tatagiba, S.D., DaMatta, F.M. and Rodrigues, F.A., 2016. Magnesium decreases leaf scald symptoms on rice leaves and preserves their photosynthetic performance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 108: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016. 07.002
Verbruggen, N. and Hermans, C., 2013. Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants. Plant and Soil 368(1–2): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1589-0
Viadé, A., Fernández-Marcos, M.L., Hernández-Nistal, J. and Alvarez, E., 2011. Effect of particle size of limestone
on Ca, Mg and K contents in soil and in sward plants. Scientia Agricola 68: 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0103-90162011000200010
Wang, H.M., Jin, X.Y., Liu, Y.C., Chen, Z.J., Cao, J.Y. and Zhou, J.B., 2017. Influence of foliar spraying magnesium on uptake and distribution of nutrients in magnesium deficient tomato grown under greenhouse. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas 35(3):226–231.
White, R.E., 2006. Principles and practice of soil science: the soil as a natural resource, 4th edition. Blackwell, Victoria, Australia, pp. 140–141.
Yuan, K.N., 1983. Soil chemistry of plant nutrient elements. Beijing Science, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Bao, S.D., 2005. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis, 3rd edition. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)
Cacco, G., Ferrari, C. and Saccomani, M., 2010. Pattern of sulfate uptake eduring root elongation in maize: its correlation with productivity. Physiologia Plantarum 48(3): 375–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1980.tb03271.x
Cakmak, I., 2013. Magnesium in crop production, food quality and human health. Plant and Soil 368: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1781-2
Cakmak, I. and Kirkby, E.A., 2008. Role of magnesium in carbon partitioning and alleviating photooxidative damage.
Physiologia Plantarum 133: 692–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01042.x
Chapman, H.D., 1966. Diagnostic criteria for plants and soils. University of California, Office of Agricultural Publications, 207 University Hall, Berkeley, Calif. 794 pp. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000040003x
Chapagain, B.P. and Wiesman, Z., 2004. Effect of potassium magnesium chloride in the fertigation solution as partial source of potassium on growth, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato. Scientia Horticulturae 99(3–4): 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00109-2
Chen, Z.J., Zhao, W.Y., Zhang, X.M., Zhou, C.C. and Zhou, J.B., 2013. Relationship of magnesium deficiency of tomato with salt composition and ion activities in greenhouse soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica 50(2): 388–395.
Ding, Y., Luo, W. and Xu, G., 2006. Characterisation of magnesium nutrition and interaction of magnesium and potassium in rice. Annals of Applied Biology 149(2): 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2006.00080.x
Farhat, N. and Bouraoui, K., 2013. Interactive effects of excessive potassium and Mg deficiency on safflower. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 35: 2737–2745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1306-x
Genty, B., Brtantais, J.M. and Baker, N.R., 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 990(1): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(89)80016-9
Gransee, A. and Führs, H., 2013. Magnesium mobility in soils as a challenge for soil and plant analysis, magnesium fertilization and root uptake under adverse growth conditions. Plant and Soil 368: 5–21. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11104-012-1567-y.
Guo, W.L., Nazim, H., Liang, Z.S. and Yang, D.F., 2016. Magnesium deficiency in plants: an urgent problem. The Crop Journal 4(2):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.11.003
Gupta, A.S. and Berkowitz, G.A., 1989. Development and use of chlorotetracycline fluorescence as a measurement assay of chloroplast envelope-bound Mg. Plant Physiology 89(3): 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.89.3.753
Hermans, C., Johnson, G.N., Strasser, R.J. and Verbruggen, N., 2004. Physiological characterization of magnesium deficiency in sugar beet: acclimation to low magnesium differentially affects photosystems I and II. Planta 220: 344–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1340-4
Hermans, C. and Verbruggen, N., 2005. Physiological characterization of Mg deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 2153–2161. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ eri215
Huang, J.H., Xu, J., Ye, X., Luo, T.Y., Ren, L.H., Fan, G.C., Qi, Y.P., Ferrarezi, R.S. and Chen, L.S., 2019. Magnesium deficiency
affects secondary lignification of the vascular system in Citrus sinensis seedlings. Trees 33(1): 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1766-0
Huber, S.C. and Maury, W., 1980. Effeets of magnesium on intact chloroplasts. Plant Physical 65: 350–354. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.65.2.350
Jin, X.L., Ma, C.L., Yang, L.T. and Chen, L.S., 2016. Alterations of physiology and gene expression due to long-term magnesium-deficiency differ between leaves and roots of citrus reticulate. Journal of Plant Physiology 198: 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.011
Kaftan, D., Brumfeld, V., Nevo, R., Scherz, A. and Reich, Z., 2002. From chloroplasts to photosystems: in situ scanning force microscopy on intact thylakoid membranes. The EMBO Journal 21:6246–6253. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf624
Keitaro, T., Natsuko, I.K., Takayuki, S., Naoko, I., Risa, K., Ren, I., Hisashi, S., Atsushi, H., Yoshimi, O., Ryohei, S. and Tomoko, M.N., 2014. Effects of magnesium deficiency on magnesium uptake activity of rice root, evaluated using 28 Mg as a tracer. Plant and Soil 384(1–2): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2197-3
Kobayashi, N.I., Takayuki, S., Iwata, N., Ohmae, Y., Ren, I., Keitaro, T. and Tomoko, M.N., 2013. Leaf senescence in rice due to magnesium deficiency mediated defect in transpiration rate before sugar accumulation and chlorosis. Physiologia Plantarum 148: 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12003
Kochian, L.V., 1995. Cellular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46: 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.001321
Marschner, H., 2012. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London, UK.
Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E.A., 2001. Principles of plant nutrition, 5th edition. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherland.
Miller, R.W. and Donahue, R.L., 1995. Soil in our environment. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Ohno, T. and Grunes, D.L., 1985. Potassium-magnesium interactions affecting nutrient uptake by wheat forage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49: 685–690. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900030058x
Omar, M.A. and Kobbia, T.E.L., 1966. Some observations on the inter-relationships of potassium and magnesium. Soil Science 101:437–440. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196606000-00003
Panhwar, Q.A., Naher, U.A., Radziah, O., Shamshuddin, J. and Razi, I.M., 2014. Bio-fertilizer, ground magnesium limestone and basalt applications may improve chemical properties of Malaysian acid sulfate soils and rice growth. Pedosphere 24(6): 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(14)60070-9
Römheld, V. and Kirkby, E.A., 2007. Magnesium functions in crop nutrition and yield. In Proceedings of a confernce in Cambridge, Colchester, Essex, IFS 7, 151–171.
Tatagiba, S.D., DaMatta, F.M. and Rodrigues, F.A., 2016. Magnesium decreases leaf scald symptoms on rice leaves and preserves their photosynthetic performance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 108: 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016. 07.002
Verbruggen, N. and Hermans, C., 2013. Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plants. Plant and Soil 368(1–2): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1589-0
Viadé, A., Fernández-Marcos, M.L., Hernández-Nistal, J. and Alvarez, E., 2011. Effect of particle size of limestone
on Ca, Mg and K contents in soil and in sward plants. Scientia Agricola 68: 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1590/
S0103-90162011000200010
Wang, H.M., Jin, X.Y., Liu, Y.C., Chen, Z.J., Cao, J.Y. and Zhou, J.B., 2017. Influence of foliar spraying magnesium on uptake and distribution of nutrients in magnesium deficient tomato grown under greenhouse. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas 35(3):226–231.
White, R.E., 2006. Principles and practice of soil science: the soil as a natural resource, 4th edition. Blackwell, Victoria, Australia, pp. 140–141.
Yuan, K.N., 1983. Soil chemistry of plant nutrient elements. Beijing Science, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
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Jul 25, 2020
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