Download

Original Article

Industrial and culinary practice effects on biologically active polyamines level in turkey meat

Moein Bashiry1, Hedayat Hosseini2*, Abdorreza Mohammadi2, Ehsan Sadeghi1, Nader Karimian-Khosroshahi3, Francisco J. Barba4, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah5*

1Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran;

2Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;

3Food and Beverage Control Department, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran;

4Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda.Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain;

5Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP – Brazil

Abstract

Polyamines, including putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are biological compounds present in nearly all food items. Their desirable physiological effects include cell division and growth. Hence, are undesirable in the diet of patients with tumor. This study aimed to assess the impact of curing agents (sodium chloride (0–2 g), sodium nitrite (0–200 ppm), sodium polyphosphate (0–0.5 g), and ascorbic acid (0–500 ppm)), cooking (frying (180°C), and boiling (100°C)) on polyamine contents in turkey breast meat using response surface methodology based on central composite design and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Postprocessing changes were investigated using a high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with an ultraviolet detector. Study outcomes showed the presence of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium polyphosphate in turkey meat reduced the putrescine and spermine content significantly (P < 0.0001). The addition of ascorbic acid as a curing agent slightly increased the concentration of polyamines, while no significant linear effects were associated with the thermal processes. The study observed that curing agents like sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate, and ascorbic acid at 2 g, 200 ppm, 0.5 g, and 382 ppm, respectively, in frying mode minimized spermine and putrescine content with more than 96% desirability. In conclusion, curing additives and cooking are promising procedures for polyamine reduction in turkey breast meat.

Key words: boiling, curing agents, frying, polyamines, RSM

*Corresponding author: Hedayat Hosseini, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: [email protected]

Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP – Brazil. Email: [email protected]

Submitted: 19 June 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2021; Published: 26 May 2021

DOI: 10.15586/qas.v13i2.775

© 2021 Codon Publications

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Introduction

Polyamines (PAs) are nitrogenous compounds that naturally exist in food items like meat, fish, cheese, and wine (Kalač, 2009; 2014a). The primary biogenic PAs include putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM). These are endogenously synthesized by microbial activities, produced by microbiota, or taken in diet (El Adab et al., 2020; Kamani et al., 2015; Keşkekoğlu and Üren, 2013). Chromatographic methods like gas or liquid chromatography detect PAs. However, the most common analytical method that detect PAs is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Xu et al., 2018). The physiological roles of PAs are gathered and reviewed in many scientific papers and books (Dandrifosse, 2009; Kalač, 2009; Muñoz-Esparza et al., 2019). Accordingly, cell growth and differentiation are one of the PAs biological roles in the human body. However, the ingestion of these compounds can accelerate tumors and cancer cell growth (Kalač, 2014a). Therefore, the decrease PA concentrations in food products, particularly in meat and meat products, is crucial. Hence, experts suggest reduced PAs in the daily diet during cancer therapy. Intake of dietary PAs is desirable for accelerating the healing of wounds or burns (Kalač, 2014b).

Meat is a widely consumed food undergoing different technical processes (curing, freezing, cooking, and packaging) to make it digestible and safe (Mejri et al., 2017). Cooking is a basic process commonly used before consumption and includes of thermal processes like boiling, frying, stewing, and grilling that influence organoleptic properties and make meat safer (Naseri et al., 2010; Roseiro et al., 2017b). On the other hand, curing is a usual practice applied in meat industries to improve the quality of products. In this regard, sodium chloride, nitrite, phosphate, and ascorbic acid are generally used to increase shelf life and meat quality. These additives influence microbial load, pH, lipid oxidation, water holding capacity, texture, and flavor (Kilic et al., 2018).

Methods like the incorporation of additives in food formulations reduce the PAs concentration in food. Sodium chloride has a dramatic influence on biogenic amines and PAs content (Roseiro et al., 2017a). Sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, and other additives used in meat as preservatives, show destructive effects on microbial load and PAs (Hazar et al., 2017). Other methods like thermal processes or packaging (vacuumed and modified) have a strong effect on food compositions (Pilevar et al., 2019) and showed degradation effects on PAs in foods (Dadáková et al., 2012; Kalač, 2014b). A previous study reported that all curing methods may influence PAs content (Triki et al., 2018).

In this regard, many previous studies investigated the effects of various treatments on the PAs content of different meats (Dadáková et al., 2012; Haddad et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2015). The study by Kozová et al. (2009) evaluated the impact of thermal processing and packaging techniques for chicken meat and reported a significant decrease in PAs after frying (180ºC), grilling (215ºC), roasting (180–190ºC), vacuum packaging, and modified atmosphere package (MAP). Another study by Hazar et al. (2017) assessed the changes of histamine, PUT, tyramine, tryptamine, cadaverine, SPD, and SPM concentrations in pastirma (a Turkish meat product) with different curing additives and duration. But to date, minimal researchers have studied the PAs concentration, effects of additives, and thermal processes in turkey meat as its consumption has only increased in the recent years.

Among different food products, meat and meat products of animal origin are considered the major dietary source of PAs, especially SPM (Handa et al., 2018). On the other hand, over the past decades, the consumption of poultry and processed poultry products has significantly increased (Hrynets et al., 2011). Among the poultry, turkey meat is recommended by many nutritionists because of its moderate low-fat content, relatively higher polyunsaturated fatty acids, high levels of vitamin B, and low cholesterol (Amirkhanov et al., 2017; Taheri et al., 2018).

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a time-saving, valuable, and cost-effective tool that it decreases the number of experiments in a scientific mechanism (Araújo and de Aquino Santana, 2018; Pandiselvam et al., 2019). The optimization of variables or design of a suitable predictive model can be easily obtained by using RSM (Shameena Beegum et al., 2019; Srikanth et al., 2020Srinivas et al., 2020). Central composite design (CCD) is the commonly applied design to evaluate research variables and is also used in this study (Mokhtarian et al., 2014; Sagarika et al., 2018).

To the best of our knowledge, no study has reported the impact of curing and thermal processes on PAs content in turkey meat. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of curing agents (sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate, and ascorbic acid) and the thermal processes (boiling and frying) on PA content in turkey breast meat. The study also optimized the curing agents’ concentration and designed a mathematical model to predict responses by RSM.

Materials and Methods

Chemical reagents

SPM tetrahydrochloride, SPD trihydrochloride, PUT dihydrochloride (as standards), sodium nitrite, sodium tripolyphosphate, and dansyl chloride (derivative reagent) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Louis, MO, USA). Analytical grade acetone, acetonitrile, water, and methanol, were obtained from Dae Jung (Busan, South Korea). Hydrochloric acid (37% w/w), perchloric acid, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 1-octanol, ammonia, and sodium chloride (NaCl) were supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Carrez solutions containing potassium hexaferrocyanide (Carrez solution I) and zinc acetate (Carrez solution II) were provided by Panreac Química SLU, Barcelona, Spain. Ascorbic acid was purchased from Dorshimi Marjan (Tehran, Iran). Carrez solutions I and II were prepared according to a previously described method (Ramezani et al., 2015). Stock and standard working solutions, methodology for HPLC and microwave apparatus, and the conditions used for both techniques were previously established (Bashiry et al., 2016).

Procedure

The freshly slaughtered turkey meat was purchased from the local market of Tehran, Iran, and was immediately transferred to the laboratory in cooled and sterile container (0°C). The meat samples of 8 × 8 × 1 cm and with a mean weight of 50 ± 2 g were cubed out from the breast part using a kitchen knife. Later were immersed for 30 min in the curing solution containing defined amounts of Sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate and ascorbic acid (Appendix A). and were refrigerated at 4 ºC for 6 hours in glass containers (Busboom, 2003). The cured samples were divided into two parts. One portion was boiled in water (100ºC) for 30 min, and another was fried in canola oil for 10 min, 5 min for each side of the sample, at 180ºC (Kozová et al., 2009) and cooled to room temperature.

PAs analysis

To determine the PA content of the prepared samples, acid extraction was carried out. Cured and cooked samples were minced and one gram of it was weighed and mixed with 8 mL of perchloric acid. This sample was microwaved (MDS-10 Sineo, Shanghai, China) at 500 MHz for 2 minutes to increase the velocity and efficiency of extraction. Later, the mixture was cooled, and mixed with 2 mL of Carrez solution (one mL I and one mL II) and centrifuged at 1252×g for 10 min at room temperature.

Next, the pH of the centrifuged solution was adjusted to 11 by adding NaOH. Later 1 mL of dansyl chloride was added to the tube, shaken vigorously, and incubated in a dark place at 40ºC for 1 hour (shook occasionally) for effective processing (derivatization step). Finally, 250 µL of ammonia was added to the tube to remove excess dansyl chloride, and, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was carried out by a previously reported method (Bashiry et al., 2016).

DLLME and HPLC analysis

Briefly, 510 µL of the extract solution (acetonitrile 450 µL and 1-octanol 60 µL) and 2 g of sodium chloride was added to the prepared samples (previous section) and shaken vigorously. Then, the samples were centrifuged (1252 ×g/10 min/room temperature). Twenty microliters of the supernatant were collected and injected into an HPLC instrument (Cecil CE-4900, Cambridge, England) with the ultraviolet-Visible detector in duplicates. Working conditions of the HPLC: flow rate of the mobile phase (acetonitrile and water) was 0.8 mL/min, and the detector was set up on 254 nm. Moreover, the separation of the analytes was carried out using an octadecyl-silica column (250 mm × 4 i.d. × 5 μm) according to the method used by Bashiry et al. (2016).

Method validation

The calibration curves of PAs showed good linearity for all the PAs (R2 > 0.98) in the concentration range of 20–200 ng/g. To estimate the repeatability, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was evaluated by assessing peak areas from seven extractions of one turkey meat sample, which ranged from 6.72% to 7.30% for all PAs. Enrichment factor, representing the ratio of the final concentration of the analyte in the organic solvent to its original concentration, was 190, 210, and 305 for PUT, SPD, and SPM, respectively. The recovery of the DLLME procedure was determined by comparing with amounts of PAs added to the turkey breast meat sample and the residual concentrations after performing the procedure were 95%, 97.6%, and 105% for PUT, SPD, and SPM, respectively. The limits of detection for the three PAs (based on signal-to-noise ratios of three) under the optimum conditions were between 0.24 and 0.42 ng/g, and limits of quantification (based on signal-to-noise ratios of 10) were in the range 0.8–1.4 ng/g.

Data analysis

RSM based on CCD was applied to investigate the optimal level of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate, and ascorbic acid, to detect the effects of heat treatment (independent variables) on PAs. CCD in this design consisted of 60 runs for four numerical and one categorical variable. The curing agents (selected as numerical variables) were studied in five levels and two cooking types, selected as categorical variable are summarized in Table 1 to investigate linear effects and detect the optimal concentration to minimize PAs level in turkey meat. The PUT and SPM levels were the dependent variables, and P < 0.05 showed significant effects. Design Expert 11.0.3 software (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used for Data and regression analysis.

Table 1. Levels of independent variables in Central Composite Design (CCD) design.

Independent variables Unit Symbol Coded levels
– α –1 0 +1 + α
Sodium chloride g A 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Sodium nitrite ppm B 0 50 100 150 200
Sodium polyphosphate g C 0 0.13 0.25 0.38 0.5
Ascorbic acid ppm D 0 125 250 375 500
Cooking type E Boiling Frying

Results and Discussion

Four common curing agents besides cooking procedures (boiling and frying) influencing PAs content were analyzed by RSM. Furthermore, the optimal concentrations of curing agents were also calculated for minimizing PAs in turkey breast meat samples. The selection of variables was based on industrial practices and culinary treatments. Meat curing is a practice applied widely in food companies to improve the shelf life of the meat (Sebranek and Bacus, 2007). Curing additives like sodium chloride aids in digestion, nitrite influences both taste, color, and microbial load of product, and ascorbic acid helps to accelerate the curing process (Bakhtiary et al., 2016; Posthuma et al., 2018; Vidal et al., 2019). On the other hand, domestic thermal techniques like boiling and frying influence biogenic amines and PAs in the meat matrix (Kalač, 2014a).

Analysis of parameters

To evaluate the effects of each independent variable on PAs (SPM and PUT), the design expert software suggested an appropriate mathematical model. This method was not capable enough to detect SPD responses.

SPM analysis

According to the CCD results, the 2FI model was chosen. The Box-Cox plot, which helps determine the most appropriate transformation, suggested power transformation for a better model to predict responses. Therefore, data were transformed by the power function (Lambda: 0.87, Constant: 0.338), and the model was re-proposed. Equation (1) was used to predict the response for the given levels of each variable in both boiling and frying mode. This equation is pivotal as it can identify the relative influence of factors by comparing the coefficient of factors.

(SPM + 0.34)0.87 = +20.96 – 3.08 NaCl – 0.06 Ni – 7.74 pp + 0.0001 AA + 0.83 NaCl*pp + 0.005 AA*pp (1)

where NaCl, Ni, pp, and AA are symbols showing concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate, and ascorbic acid, respectively. Table 2 shows the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the curing process, showing the impact of the variables on the response (SPM level). Accordingly, any change in curing conditions has led to a significant (P < 0.0001) change of SPM content in meat samples.

Table 2. Analysis of variance for SPM content.

Source Sum of squares d.f. Mean square F value P value  
Model 1532.98 7 219.00 4739.27 < 0.0001 Significant
A-Sodium chloride 272.70 1 272.70 5901.52 < 0.0001  
B-Nitrite 1165.87 1 1165.87 25230.35 < 0.0001  
C-PP 84.58 1 84.58 1830.41 < 0.0001  
D-AA 7.91 1 7.91 171.10 < 0.0001  
E-Cooking 0.000 1 0.000 0.000 1.0000  
AC 1.41 1 1.41 30.44 < 0.0001  
BC 0.51 1 0.51 11.10 0.0016  
Residual 2.40 52 0.046      
Lack of fit 2.40 42 0.057     Not significant
Pure error 0.000 10 0.000      
Core total 1535.39 59 219.00      
R2= 0.9984            
Adjusted R2= 0.9982            
Adequate precision = 277.959            

ANOVA analysis showed that the 2FI model was significant (F = 4739.27). Additionally, lack of fit indicated no significant relation with a pure error. The coefficient determination obtained from ANOVA exhibited a strong relationship between the raw data and the proposed model (R2 = 0.9984). This tool provides an index of how well-observed results are replicated by the model and estimates variation in the data calculated by the model. This proposed model explained 99.84% of the variation in the responses, and the 2FI model was compatible with the experimental data. The adjusted R2 value recorded of 0.9982, represents the potential of the model to predict response. It is worth noting that the more the adjusted R2 values are closer to 1, the better is the model’s predictability response. Finally, adequate precision measures the signal-to-noise ratio. A ratio greater than 4 is desirable. Adequate precision in this study model was 277.959 indicating an sufficient signal.

Table 2 illustrates all independent variables except D term have a significant linear influence on SPM content (P < 0.0001); significant linear effects also illustrated in perturbation graph (Figure 1), in which destructive effect of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium polyphosphate on SPM is clear. Ascorbic acid was found to be effective in a mild increase of SPM content in turkey breast meat.

Figure 1. Perturbation graph showing linear effects of curing agents. A: NaCl, B: sodium nitrite, C: sodium polyphosphate, D: ascorbic acid.

PUT analysis

CCD results suggested a linear model for PUT; Equation (2) predicted the responses for given levels of each variable in both boiling and frying methods.

PUT =14.98 - 4.08 NaCl – 7.05 Ni - 1.97 pp + 0.45 AA (2)

where PUT is a concentration of putrescine; NaCl, amount of sodium chloride; Ni, amount of sodium nitrite; pp, amount of sodium polyphosphate and AA, amount of ascorbic acid.

Table 3 shows the ANOVA for PUT. A significant relationship between the curing process and PUT content (P < 0.0001) was noted. ANOVA analysis indicated that this model (linear) was also significant for PUT (F = 2491.24). Furthermore, lack of fit is not significant indicating no significant relation with a pure error. The coefficient determination obtained from ANOVA, exhibited a strong relationship between the raw data and the proposed model (R2 = 0.9957), and provided an index of how well-observed results were replicated by the model. This statistical tool also estimates variation in the data calculated by the model, 99.57% variation in the responses was explained by the proposed model, and the linear model was compatible with the experimental data. Adjusted R2 of 0.9953 represented the potential of the model to predict response. Adequate precision was 199.13, indicating adequate signal. All independent variables except E had a significant linear influence on PUT content (Table 3; P < 0.0001).

Table 3. Analysis of variance for PUT contents.

Source Sum of squares d.f. Mean square F value P value  
Model 2317.19 5 463.44 2491.24 < 0.0001 Significant
A-Sodium chloride 544.12 1 544.12 2924.96 < 0.0001  
B-Nitrite 1638.07 1 1638.07 8805.54 < 0.0001  
C-PP 128.03 1 128.03 688.24 < 0.0001  
D-AA 6.82 1 6.82 36.65 < 0.0001  
E-Cooking 0.1500 1 0.1500 0.8063 0.3732  
Residual 10.05 54 0.1860      
Lack of fit 4.84 44 0.1099 0.2111 0.9999 Not significant
Pure error 5.21 10 0.5208      
Core total 2327.23 59        
R2 = 0.9957            
Adjusted R2 = 0.9953            
Adequate precision = 199.13            

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is generally accepted as a good additive in the formulation of several food products. This study results indicated that the presence of salt in the cured-meat samples enhanced the reduction of PAs content. This outcome agreed with the study of Roseiro et al. (2017b) who observed a decrease in biogenic amine concentrations after the addition of NaCl to dry-cured tuna. Reduction of biogenic amines and PAs post-NaCl addition was also demonstrated in response to its antibacterial properties (Naila et al., 2010). NaCl is an efficient additive because it inhibits the growth of microorganisms, enhances the flavor, and has impacts on enzymatic, water activity, and the texture of animal tissues (Roseiro et al., 2017a). Although the recent policies of regulatory organizations like the WHO recommend decreasing NaCl level in food formulations because of its relationship with cardiovascular disorders and blood hypertension, it is better to optimize its level than completely removing it (Erdogan et al., 2018). Laranjo et al. (2017) found increased content of biogenic amines when the NaCl addition was reduced by 50% in dry-cured sausage formulation, which was directly influenced by the release of decarboxylase enzymes from bacteria.

Sodium nitrite is another additive playing an important role as a curing agent. It speeds up meat curing and preserves the cured meat from being spoiled by bacteria like Clostridium botulinum which causes botulism (Alizadeh et al., 2020). Reducing effects of sodium nitrite on PAs were observed in this study. Our results matched the outcomes of Gençcelep et al. (2007) who demonstrated that nitrite inhibits the growth of amine-producing bacteria and hence reduced amines. Jastrzębska et al. (2016) added several additives into fresh white and red meat to evaluate their effects on some biogenic amines like PUT, SPD, SPM, and cadaverine. They reported that sodium nitrite and sodium chloride caused a reduction of biogenic amines formation by inhibiting amine-forming bacterial activities. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of sodium nitrite was determined stronger than sodium chloride, especially in poultry meat. It should be stressed that a steep slope in the perturbation graph and a greater coefficient of B term in the equation in this study outcomes are similar to the one reported in Jastrzębska et al.’s (2016) findings. Besides, Paulsen and Bauer (2007) studied the effects of nitrite and sodium chloride on SPD and SPM contents in pork meat and observed a significant reduction of PAs after the addition of nitrite that confirms our findings.

Another important curing agent is sodium polyphosphate. Its beneficial properties include prolongation of shelf life, this aids in retaining the color and flavor, increasing water holding capacity, halting lipid oxidation and microbial load, and improves texture stability, especially in combination with other curing additives like NaCl (Kilic et al., 2018). Though data about the effects of polyphosphate on meat quality are widespread, studies on its effects on biogenic amines and PAs are rare. Bozkurt and Erkmen (2002) reported a decline in biogenic amines after adding phosphates with some other additives like nitrite, nitrate, a-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and potassium sorbate to sausage, which was similar to the current study findings. Ascorbic acid is another common additive using in cured meat production as it has antioxidant effects and can also influence the color of the final product (Perlo et al., 2018). But in this study, its influence in the reduction of PUT and SPM contents was minimal.

Thermal treatments were the last tested factor. They were recognized as diminishing agents too and led to a decrease in PAs content. Furthermore, a previous study revealed that higher temperatures resulted in a further reduction in PAs (Dadáková et al., 2011). However, contrasting results were observed in this study, finding no significant changes in applying culinary treatments. It is presumed that heating effects are overlayed with other strong agents like sodium nitrite.

Significant interactive effects were also observed for SPM content described by the 2FI model. It indicated that each parameter might influence other factors. For example, the three-dimensional surface of the interactive effects of sodium chloride and sodium polyphosphate is depicted in Figure 2. It shows that when the amount of polyphosphate and sodium chloride increases, significant decrease in polyamine content is seen (P < 0.0001). It should be noted that cooking was at average mode, and the sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid concentrations were constant at their central points (100 and 250 ppm, respectively). The interaction effects of sodium nitrite and sodium polyphosphate on SPM showed a dramatic reduction in SPM content (Figure 3; P < 0.0001) when NaCl and ascorbic acid were steady in their central points (1 g and 250 ppm), and an average mode of cooking was used. Hence, polyamine content experienced a sharp decline after an increased addition of sodium nitrite and polyphosphate to samples (synergistic effect).

Figure 2. Three-dimensional graph of interactive effects of salt and sodium polyphosphate on SPM obtained from CCD indicating reduction when sodium nitrite (100 ppm) and ascorbic acid (250 ppm) are constant at their central points.

Figure 3. Three-dimensional graph of interactive effects of sodium nitrite and sodium polyphosphate on SPM obtained from CCD indicating reduction when sodium chloride (1 g) and ascorbic acid (250 ppm) are constant at their central points.

Optimization of curing agents’ concentrations

The main purpose of this study was the optimization of the concentration of curing agents by RSM based on CCD to minimize PAs level in breast turkey meat. Accordingly, independent variables were set in the range of studied level, and the responses were considered in the minimum. Moreover, propagation of error (POE) was chosen to make the optimum condition robust to variations in input variables and is only used for nonlinear models. Derringer’s desirability function is another value applied for the selection of optimum curing conditions. The desirability function is a value implying the validity of the proposed condition and is acceptable above 0.7 (Afshari et al., 2015; Granato and Ares, 2014). The optimum amount of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, sodium polyphosphate, and ascorbic acid to minimize SPM and PUT content, was 2 g, 200 ppm, 0.5 g, and 382 ppm, respectively, in frying mode. This value for our proposed condition was equal to 0.963, indicating that the chosen solution was a great option. Figure 4 displays the ramp view for optimization levels with POE. Selected POE helped have minimum variation in factor setting to have more exact responses.

Figure 4. Ramp view for optimization curing agents’ levels with propagation of error.

Applying the optimal condition to the samples besides optimized DLLME proposed in our previous research showed having sharp, precise, with no overlap peaks chromatograms for PAs (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Chromatogram of cured turkey breast meat sample after cooking determined by HPLC-ultra-violet detector under optimal condition (1, PUT, 2, SPM).

Conclusion

The turkey breast meat was studied to investigate PA content for the first time. Applying industrial practice (meat curing) and thermal treatments, and then analyzing the data by RSM to evaluate changes after this kind of treatment was the aim of the study. In conclusion, sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, and sodium polyphosphate are strong agents decreasing PAs levels. Moreover, boiling and frying were not as powerful as the curing process in PAs reduction. The responses were fitted with 2FI and linear models where high R2 and adequate precision were observed. This strongly indicated the validity of our models, so that the condition was optimized according the models. The proposed optimal condition to reduce PUT and SPM to the lowest level was frying in combination with 2 g NaCl, 200 ppm sodium nitrite, 0.5 g sodium polyphosphate, and 382 ppm ascorbic acid. Future research should concentrate on the evaluation of polyamine changes in terms of novel food processing like irradiation, cold plasma and so on in meat and other foods.

REFERENCES

Afshari, R., Hosseini, H., Khaksar, R., Mohammadifar, M.A., Amiri, Z., Komeili, R., et al. 2015. Investigation of the effects of inulin and β-glucan on the physical and sensory properties of low-fat beef burgers containing vegetable oils: optimisation of the formulation using D-optimal mixture design. Food Technology and Biotechnology 53: 436–445. 10.17113/ftb.53.04.15.3980

Alizadeh, A.M., Hashempour-Baltork, F., Alizadeh-Sani, M., Maleki, M., Azizi-Lalabad, M., and Khosravi-Darani K. 2020. Inhibition of Clostridium (C.) botulinum and its toxins by probiotic bacteria and their metabolites: an update review. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 12: 59–68. 10.15586/qas.v12iSP1.823

Amirkhanov, K., Igenbayev, A., Nurgazezova, A., Okuskhanova, E., Kassymov, S., Muslimova N., et al. 2017. Research article comparative analysis of red and white Turkey meat quality. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16: 412–416. 10.3923/pjn.2017.412.416

Araújo, J. and de Aquino Santana, L., 2018. Predictive modelling of foodborne bacteria inhibition by pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extracts using response surface methodology. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 10: 137–144. 10.3920/QAS2017.1187

Bakhtiary, F., Sayevand, H.R., Remely, M., Hippe, B., Hosseini, H., Haslberger, A.G., et al. 2016. Evaluation of bacterial contamination sources in meat production line. Journal of Food Quality 39: 750–756. 10.1111/jfq.12243

Bashiry, M., Mohammadi, A., Hosseini, H., Kamankesh, M., Aeenehvand, S., and Mohammadi, Z. 2016. Application and optimization of microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for sensitive determination of polyamines in turkey breast meat samples. Food Chemistry 190: 1168–1173. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.079

Bozkurt, H. and Erkmen, O., 2002. Effects of starter cultures and additives on the quality of Turkish style sausage (sucuk). Meat Science 61: 149–156. 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00176-0

Busboom, J.R., 2003. Curing and smoking poultry meat. Cooperative Extension, Washington State University.

Dadáková, E., Pelikanova, T. and Kalac, P., 2011. Concentration of biologically active polyamines in meat and liver of sheep and lambs after slaughter and their changes in mutton during storage and cooking. Meat Science 87: 119–124. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.09.009

Dadáková, E., Pelikánová, T. and Kalač, P., 2012. Concentration of biologically active polyamines in rabbit meat, liver and kidney after slaughter and their changes during meat storage and cooking. Meat Science 90: 796–800. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.017

Dandrifosse, G., 2009. Biological aspects of biogenic amines, polyamines and conjugates. Transworld Research Network.

El Adab, S., Wadda, W.B., Tekiki, A., Moussa, O.B., Boulares, M., et al. 2020. Effect of mixed startecultures on biogenic amines formation durin the ripening of Tunisian fermented camle meat sausage. Italian Journal of Food Science 321–336. 10.14674/IJFS-1733

Erdogan, M., Agirman, B., Boyaci-Gunduz, C. and Erten, H., 2018. Partial replacement of sodium chloride with other chloride salts for the production of black table olives from cv. Gemlik. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 10: 399–410. 10.3920/QAS2018.1314

Gençcelep, H., Kaban, G. and Kaya, M., 2007. Effects of starter cultures and nitrite levels on formation of biogenic amines in sucuk. Meat Science 77: 424–430. 10.3920/QAS2018.1314

Granato, D. and Ares, G., 2014. Mathematical and statistical methods in food science and technology. John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/9781118434635

Haddad, G.d.B.S., Moura, A.P.R., Fontes, P.R., Cunha, S.d.F.V.d., Ramos, A.d.L.S., et al. 2018. The effects of sodium chloride and PSE meat on restructured cured-smoked pork loin quality: a response surface methodology study. Meat Science 137: 191–200. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.11.030

Handa, A.K., Fatima, T. and Mattoo, A.K., 2018. Polyamines: bio-molecules with diverse functions in plant and human health and disease. Frontiers in Chemistry 6;10, 1–18. 10.3389/fchem.2018.00010

Hazar, F.Y., Kaban, G. and Kaya, M., 2017. The effects of different processing conditions on biogenic amine formation and some qualitative properties in pastirma. Journal of Food Science and Technology 54: 3892–3898. 10.1007/s13197-017-2845-8

Hrynets, Y., Omana, D.A., Xu, Y. and Betti, M., 2011. Impact of citric acid and calcium ions on acid solubilization of mechanically separated turkey meat: effect on lipid and pigment content. Poultry Science 90: 458–466. 10.3382/ps.2010-00859

Jastrzębska, A., Kowalska, S. and Szłyk, E., 2016. Studies of levels of biogenic amines in meat samples in relation to the content of additives. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 33: 27–40. 10.1080/19440049.2015.1111525

Kalač, P., 2009. Recent advances in the research on biological roles of dietary polyamines in man. Journal of Applied Biomedicine 7: 65–74. 10.32725/jab.2009.007

Kalač, P., 2014a,b. Health effects and occurrence of dietary polyamines: a review for the period 2005–mid 2013. Food Chemistry 161: 27–39. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.102

Kamani, M.H., Safari, O., Mortazavi, S.A. and Atash, M.M.S., 2015. Predicting the contents of volatile and non-volatile amines in rainbow trout fillet during storage time via image processing technique. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 7: 589–598. 10.3920/QAS2014.0445

Keşkekoğlu, H. and Üren, A., 2013. Formation of biogenic amines during fermentation and storage of tarhana: a traditional cereal food. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 5: 169–176. 10.3920/QAS2012.0150

Kilic, B., Simsek, A., Claus, J.R., Karaca, E. and Bilecen, D., 2018. Improving lipid oxidation inhibition in cooked beef hamburger patties during refrigerated storage with encapsulated polyphosphate incorporation. LWT 92: 290–296. 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.037

Kozová, M., Kalač, P. and Pelikánová, T., 2009. Contents of biologically active polyamines in chicken meat, liver, heart and skin after slaughter and their changes during meat storage and cooking. Food Chemistry 116: 419–425. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.057

Laranjo, M., Gomes, A., Agulheiro-Santos, A.C., Potes, M.E., Cabrita, M.J., et al. 2017. Impact of salt reduction on biogenic amines, fatty acids, microbiota, texture and sensory profile in traditional blood dry-cured sausages. Food Chemistry 218: 129–136. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.056

Mejri, J., Melki, M. and Mejri, M., 2017. Modeling of cooking and coolind processes of Tunisian salami. Italian Journal of Food Science 29: 613–626. 10.14674/IJFS-665

Mokhtarian, M., Heydari Majd, M., Koushki, F., Bakhshabadi, H., Daraei Garmakhany, A., et al. 2014. Optimisation of pumpkin mass transfer kinetic during osmotic dehydration using artificial neural network and response surface methodology modelling. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 6: 201–214. 10.3920/QAS2012.0121

Muñoz-Esparza, N.C., Latorre-Moratalla, M.L., Comas-Basté, O., Toro-Funes, N., Veciana-Nogués, M.T., et al. 2019. Polyamines in food. Frontiers in Nutrition 6: 108–108. 10.3389/fnut.2019.00108

Naila, A., Flint, S., Fletcher, G., Bremer, P. and Meerdink, G., 2010. Control of biogenic amines in food—existing and emerging approaches. Journal of Food Science 75: R139–R150. 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01774.xc

Naseri, M., Rezaei, M., Moieni, S., Hosseni, H. and Eskandari, S., 2010. Effect of different precooking methods on chemical composition and lipid damage of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) muscle. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 45: 1973–1979. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02349.x

Pandiselvam, R., Manikantan, M.R., Sunoj, S., Sreejith, S. and Beegum, S., 2019. Modeling of coconut milk residue incorporated rice-corn extrudates properties using multiple linear regression and artificial neural network. Journal of Food Process Engineering 42: e12981. 10.1111/jfpe.12981

Paulsen, P. and Bauer, F., 2007. Spermine and spermidine concentrations in pork loin as affected by storage, curing and thermal processing. European Food Research and Technology 225: 921–924. 10.1007/s00217-006-0464-0

Perlo, F., Fabre, R., Bonato, P., Jenko, C., Tisocco, O., et al. 2018. Refrigerated storage of pork meat sprayed with rosemary extract and ascorbic acid. Ciência Rural 48:4;1–7. 10.1590/0103-8478cr20170238

Pilevar, Z., Bahrami, A., Beikzadeh, S., Hosseini, H. and Jafari, S.M., 2019. Migration of styrene monomer from polystyrene packaging materials into foods: characterization and safety evaluation. Trends in Food Science & Technology 91: 248–261. 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.020

Posthuma, J.A., Rasmussen, F.D. and Sullivan, G.A., 2018. Using a cured meat model system to investigate factors that influence cured color development. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report; 128–131.

Ramezani, H., Hosseini, H., Kamankesh, M., Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi, V. and Mohammadi, A., 2015. Rapid determination of nitrosamines in sausage and salami using microwave-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. European Food Research and Technology 240: 441–450. 10.1007/s00217-014-2343-4

Roseiro, L.C., Santos, C., Goncalves, H., Serrano, C., Aleixo, C., et al. 2017a. Susceptibility of dry-cured tuna to oxidative deterioration and biogenic amines generation: I. Effect of NaCl content, antioxidant type and ageing. Food Chemistry 228: 26–34. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.125

Roseiro, L.C., Santos, C., Gonçalves, H., Serrano, C., Aleixo, C., et al. 2017b. Susceptibility of dry-cured tuna to oxidative deterioration and biogenic amines generation: I. Effect of NaCl content, antioxidant type and ageing. Food Chemistry 228: 26–34. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.125

Sagarika, N., Prince, M.V., Kothakota, A., Pandiselvam, R., Sreeja, R., et al. 2018. Characterization and optimization of microwave assisted process for extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) mace essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 21: 895–904. 10.1080/0972060X.2018.1517613

Sebranek, J.G. and Bacus, J.N., 2007. Cured meat products without direct addition of nitrate or nitrite: what are the issues? Meat Science 77: 136–147. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.03.025

Shameena Beegum, P.P., Manikantan, M.R., Sharma, M., Pandiselvam, R., Gupta, R.K., et al. 2019. Optimization of processing variables for the development of virgin coconut oil cake based extruded snacks. Journal of Food Process Engineering 42: e13048. 10.1111/jfpe.13048

Srikanth, V., Rajesh, G.K., Kothakota, A., Pandiselvam, R., Sagarika, N., et al. 2020. Modeling and optimization of developed cocoa beans extractor parameters using box behnken design and artificial neural network. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 177: 105715. 10.1016/j.compag.2020.105715

Srinivas, Y., Mathew, S.M., Kothakota, A., Sagarika, N. and Pandiselvam, R., 2020. Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying of nutmeg mace for essential oil enriched extracts: an assessment of drying kinetics, process optimization and quality. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 66: 102541. 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102541

Taheri, T., Fazlara, A., Roomiani, L. and Taheri, S., 2018. Effect of chitosan coating enriched with cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil on the quality of refrigerated turkey breast meat. Italian Journal of Food Science 30: 628–640. 10.14674/IJFS-1158

Triki, M., Herrero, A.M., Jiménez-Colmenero, F. and Ruiz-Capillas, C., 2018. Quality assessment of fresh meat from several species based on free amino acid and biogenic amine contents during chilled storage. Foods 7: 132. 10.3390/foods7090132

Vidal, V.A.S., Biachi, J.P., Paglarini, C.S., Pinton, M.B., Campagnol, P.C.B., et al. 2019. Reducing 50% sodium chloride in healthier jerked beef: an efficient design to ensure suitable stability, technological and sensory properties. Meat Science 152: 49–57. 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.02.005

Xu, N., Li, T., Jia, R., Zhang, H. and Wang, R., 2018. Selection of nitrite and bioamine-degrading bacteria and its improvement of fish sausage quality. Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 34: 304–312. 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.15.038

Zhang, Y.M., Qin, N., Luo, Y.K. and Shen, H.X., 2015. Effects of different concentrations of salt and sugar on biogenic amines and quality changes of carp (Cyprinus carpio) during chilled storage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95: 1157–1162. 10.1002/jsfa.6803

Appendix A. CCD to investigate curing agents and heat process effects on polyamine contents.

Runs Sodium chloride (gram) Sodium nitrite (ppm) Sodium polyphosphate (gram) Ascorbic acid (ppm) Cooking
1 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
2 0 0 0 500 Frying
3 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
4 2 200 0.5 500 Boiling
5 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
6 1 100 0.25 125 Frying
7 0.5 100 0.25 250 Frying
8 0 0 0.5 500 Boiling
9 0 0 0 500 Boiling
10 2 200 0 0 Boiling
11 0 0 0.5 0 Frying
12 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
13 2 0 0 0 Frying
14 2 0 0 500 Boiling
15 0 200 0 500 Boiling
16 1 100 0.375 250 Frying
17 1.5 100 0.25 250 Frying
18 1 50 0.25 250 Frying
19 1 100 0.25 125 Boiling
20 2 200 0.5 500 Frying
21 2 200 0 500 Boiling
22 0 200 0.5 0 Frying
23 1 150 0.25 250 Boiling
24 0 200 0 0 Boiling
25 1 100 0.25 375 Frying
26 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
27 0 0 0 0 Boiling
28 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
29 0 200 0 500 Frying
30 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
31 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
32 2 200 0 500 Frying
33 2 200 0.5 0 Boiling
34 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
35 2 0 0.5 500 Boiling
36 1 100 0.125 250 Boiling
37 1 50 0.25 250 Boiling
38 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
39 0 200 0.5 500 Boiling
40 0 200 0 0 Frying
41 1 100 0.125 250 Frying
42 2 0 0 500 Frying
43 1 100 0.25 375 Boiling
44 2 200 0 0 Frying
45 0.5 100 0.25 250 Boiling
46 2 0 0 0 Boiling
47 0 200 0.5 500 Frying
48 2 0 0.5 500 Frying
49 0 0 0 0 Frying
50 1.5 100 0.25 250 Boiling
51 1 100 0.25 250 Boiling
52 2 0 0.5 0 Boiling
53 0 0 0.5 500 Frying
54 1 150 0.25 250 Frying
55 2 0 0.5 0 Frying
56 1 100 0.375 250 Boiling
57 1 100 0.25 250 Frying
58 0 200 0.5 0 Boiling
59 2 200 0.5 0 Frying
60 0 0 0.5 0 Boiling