Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of safflower with contrasting seed coat colors
Main Article Content
Keywords
antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, safflower, seed coat color
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate total flavonoid (TFC), cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cyd-3-glu) content, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic seed coat extract of two safflower genotypes (genotype C111 and A82) with contrasting seed coat colors. Despite the absence of Cyd-3-glu in seed coat extracts of white-seeded genotype C111 versus black-seeded genotype A82 and equal TFC index between the two genotypes, there was no significant difference in their antioxidant activity. Also, the ethanolic extract has growth inhibitory properties in pathogenic bacteria. It seems that differences in type and level of secondary metabolites of the seed coat with different color patterns can result in the ethanolic extract’s antioxidant activity. In addition, the results confirmed that seed coat color has not effect on the level (or severity) of the antibacterial properties of ethanolic seed coat extract.
References
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Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E., 2001. Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV-visible spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry 1: F1-2. 2.1–F1. 2.13. 10.1002/0471142913.faf0102s00
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Hatamnia, A.A., Abbaspour, N. and Darvishzadeh, R., 2014. Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of different parts of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica) fruits. Food chemistry 145: 306–311. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.031
Kanu, P.J., 2011. Biochemical analysis of black and white sesame seeds from China. American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Am J Biochem Mol Biol 11: 145–157. 10.3923/ajbmb.2011.145.157
Karami, S., Sabzalian, M.R. and Rahimmalek, M., 2018. Seed polyphenolic profile, antioxidative activity, and fatty acids composition of wild and cultivated Carthamus species. Chemistry & Biodiversity 15: e17005621–11. 10.1002/cbdv.201700562
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Kermani, S. G., Saeidi, G., Sabzalian, M. R., and Gianinetti, A. 2019. Drought stress influenced sesamin and sesamolin content and polyphenolic components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) populations with contrasting seed coat colors. Food chemistry 289: 360–368. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.004
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Mazzei, R., Leonti, M., Spadafora, S., Patitucci, A. and Tagarelli, G., 2020. A review of the antimicrobial potential of herbal drugs used in popular Italian medicine (1850s–1950s) to treat bacterial skin diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 250: 112443. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112443
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Palacios-Rojas, N., McCulley, L., Kaeppler, M., Titcomb, T.J., Gunaratna, N.S., Lopez-Ridaura, S., et al., 2020. Mining maize diversity and improving its nutritional aspects within agro-food systems. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19: 1809–1834. 10.1111/1541-4337.12552
Qazi, N., Alam Khan, R., Faiz Kazi, Y., Kumar, P. and Rizwani, G., 2013. Antibacterial activity of Carthamus tinctorius L. against bacterial isolates. Journal of Antimicrobials 128: 172–176.
Rezig, L., Sadaa, M., Trabelsi, N., Tammar, S., Limam, H., Rebey, I.B., et al., 2019. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Aloysia Triphylla L. essential oils and methanolic extract. Italian Journal of Food Science 31:556–572. 10.14674/IJFS-1373
Sabah, F.S. and Saleh, A.A., 2015. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of flavonoid and oil extracts from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L). Journal of Natural Sciences Research 5: 41-45.
Sabzalian, M.R., Saeidi, G. and Mirlohi, A., 2008. Oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds of three safflower species. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Chemists’ Society 85: 717–721. 10.1007/s11746-008-1254-6
Sabzalian, M.R., Saeidi, G., Mirlohi, A. and Hatami, B., 2010. Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus): a possible source of resistance to the safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi). Crop Protection 29: 550–555. 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.12.013
Salami, M., Rahimmalek, M., Ehtemam, M. H., Szumny, A., Fabian, S and Matkowski, A. 2016. Essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity and anatomical characteristics of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. fruits from different regions of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 19: 1614–1626. 10.1080/0972060X.2015.1117951
Shen, Y., Jin, L., Xiao, P., Lu, Y. and Bao, J., 2009. Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color, size and weight. Journal of Cereal Science 49: 106–111. 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.010
Siegelman, H. and Hendricks, S., 1958. Photocontrol of anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. Plant Physiology 33: 185. 10.1104/pp.33.3.185
Skowyra, M., Gallego, M.G., Segovia, F. and Almajano, M.P., 2014. Antioxidant properties of Artemisia annua extracts in model food emulsions. Antioxidants 3: 116–128. 10.3390/antiox3010116
Thaddi, B. and Nallamilli, M., 2014. Estimation of total bioactive compounds in pigmented and non-pigmented genotypes of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology Int J Adv Res Sci Technol 3: 86–92.
Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., and Arzani, A. 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food chemistry 220: 153–161. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203
Turgumbayeva, A., Ustenova, G., Datkhayev, U., Rahimov, K., Abramavicius, S., Tunaityte, A., et al., 2020. Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius tinctorius L.) a potential source of drugs against Cryptococcal infections, malaria and Leishmaniasis. Phyton 89: 137. 10.32604/phyton.2020.07665
Yu, S. Y., Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. D., Kang, S. N., Lee, S. K., Jang, J. Y., et al., 2013. Phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and anti-adipogenic effect of hot water extract from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Nutrients 5: 4894–4907. 10.3390/nu5124894
Zuniga-Salcedo, M., Ulloa, J., Bautista-Rosales, P.U., Rosas-Ulloa, P., Ramírez-Ramíez, J., Silva-Carrillo, Y., et al., 2019. Effect of ultrasound treatment on physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties of a safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) protein isolate Italian Journal of Food Science 31: 592–603. 10.14674/IJFS-1440
Akond, A., Khandaker, L., Berthold, J., Gates, L., Peters, K., Delong, H., et al. 2011. Anthocyanin, total polyphenols and antioxidant activity of common bean. American Journal of Food Technology 6: 385–394. 10.3923/ajft.2011.385.394
Brizzolari, A., Brandolini, A., Glorio-Paulet, P. and Hidalgo, A., 2019. Antioxidant capacity and heat damage of powder products from South American plants with functional properties. Italian Journal of Food Science 31: 731–748. 10.14674/IJFS-1521.SAFF
Choi, S.H., Lee, A.Y., Park, C.H., Shin, Y.S. and Cho, E.J., 2018. Protective effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed on oxidative stress and cognitive impairment induced by chronic alcohol consumption in mice. Food Science and Biotechnology 27: 1475–1484. 10.1007/s10068-018-0472-4
Choung, M. G., Baek, I. Y., Kang, S. T., Han, W. Y., Shin, D. C., Moon, H. P., et al. 2001. Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 49: 5848–5851. 10.1021/jf010550w
Fang, S., Yang, W., Chu, X., Shang, X., She, C. and Fu, X., 2011. Provenance and temporal variations in selected flavonoids in leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus. Food Chemistry 124: 1382–1386. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.095
Giusti, M.M. and Wrolstad, R.E., 2001. Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by UV-visible spectroscopy. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry 1: F1-2. 2.1–F1. 2.13. 10.1002/0471142913.faf0102s00
Güner, A., Kızılşahin, S., Nalbantsoy, A. and Yavaşoğlu, N.Ü.K., 2020. Apoptosis-inducing activity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil in lung, colorectal and cervix cancer cells. Biologia 75: 1465–1471 (2020). 10.2478/s11756-020-00458-2
Hatamnia, A.A., Abbaspour, N. and Darvishzadeh, R., 2014. Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of different parts of Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica) fruits. Food chemistry 145: 306–311. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.031
Kanu, P.J., 2011. Biochemical analysis of black and white sesame seeds from China. American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Am J Biochem Mol Biol 11: 145–157. 10.3923/ajbmb.2011.145.157
Karami, S., Sabzalian, M.R. and Rahimmalek, M., 2018. Seed polyphenolic profile, antioxidative activity, and fatty acids composition of wild and cultivated Carthamus species. Chemistry & Biodiversity 15: e17005621–11. 10.1002/cbdv.201700562
Karami, S., Sabzalian, M.R., Khorsandi, L. and Rahimmalek, M., 2017a. Safety assessment of a new pigmented safflower seed coat (A82) by a feeding study on rat. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 60: 1–10. 10.1590/1678-4324-2017160564
Karami, S., Sabzalian, M.R., Rahimmalek, M., Saeidi, G. and Ghasemi, S., 2017b. Interaction of seed coat color and seed hardness: Aan effective relationship which can be exploited to enhance resistance to the safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi) in Carthamus spp. Crop Protection 98: 267–275. 10.1016/j.cropro.2017.04.006
Kermani, S. G., Saeidi, G., Sabzalian, M. R., and Gianinetti, A. 2019. Drought stress influenced sesamin and sesamolin content and polyphenolic components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) populations with contrasting seed coat colors. Food chemistry 289: 360–368. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.004
Lin, L.-Z. and Harnly, J.M., 2010. Identification of the phenolic components of chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat). Food Chemistry 120: 319–326. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.083
Mazzei, R., Leonti, M., Spadafora, S., Patitucci, A. and Tagarelli, G., 2020. A review of the antimicrobial potential of herbal drugs used in popular Italian medicine (1850s–1950s) to treat bacterial skin diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 250: 112443. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112443
Nimrouzi, M., Ruyvaran, M., Zamani, A., Nasiri, K. and Akbari, A., 2020. Oil and extract of safflower seed improve fructose induced metabolic syndrome through modulating the homeostasis of trace elements, TNF-α, and fatty acids metabolism. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 254: 112721. 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112721
Palacios-Rojas, N., McCulley, L., Kaeppler, M., Titcomb, T.J., Gunaratna, N.S., Lopez-Ridaura, S., et al., 2020. Mining maize diversity and improving its nutritional aspects within agro-food systems. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19: 1809–1834. 10.1111/1541-4337.12552
Qazi, N., Alam Khan, R., Faiz Kazi, Y., Kumar, P. and Rizwani, G., 2013. Antibacterial activity of Carthamus tinctorius L. against bacterial isolates. Journal of Antimicrobials 128: 172–176.
Rezig, L., Sadaa, M., Trabelsi, N., Tammar, S., Limam, H., Rebey, I.B., et al., 2019. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Aloysia Triphylla L. essential oils and methanolic extract. Italian Journal of Food Science 31:556–572. 10.14674/IJFS-1373
Sabah, F.S. and Saleh, A.A., 2015. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of flavonoid and oil extracts from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L). Journal of Natural Sciences Research 5: 41-45.
Sabzalian, M.R., Saeidi, G. and Mirlohi, A., 2008. Oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds of three safflower species. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Chemists’ Society 85: 717–721. 10.1007/s11746-008-1254-6
Sabzalian, M.R., Saeidi, G., Mirlohi, A. and Hatami, B., 2010. Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus): a possible source of resistance to the safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi). Crop Protection 29: 550–555. 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.12.013
Salami, M., Rahimmalek, M., Ehtemam, M. H., Szumny, A., Fabian, S and Matkowski, A. 2016. Essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity and anatomical characteristics of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. fruits from different regions of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 19: 1614–1626. 10.1080/0972060X.2015.1117951
Shen, Y., Jin, L., Xiao, P., Lu, Y. and Bao, J., 2009. Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color, size and weight. Journal of Cereal Science 49: 106–111. 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.010
Siegelman, H. and Hendricks, S., 1958. Photocontrol of anthocyanin synthesis in apple skin. Plant Physiology 33: 185. 10.1104/pp.33.3.185
Skowyra, M., Gallego, M.G., Segovia, F. and Almajano, M.P., 2014. Antioxidant properties of Artemisia annua extracts in model food emulsions. Antioxidants 3: 116–128. 10.3390/antiox3010116
Thaddi, B. and Nallamilli, M., 2014. Estimation of total bioactive compounds in pigmented and non-pigmented genotypes of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology Int J Adv Res Sci Technol 3: 86–92.
Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., and Arzani, A. 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food chemistry 220: 153–161. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.203
Turgumbayeva, A., Ustenova, G., Datkhayev, U., Rahimov, K., Abramavicius, S., Tunaityte, A., et al., 2020. Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius tinctorius L.) a potential source of drugs against Cryptococcal infections, malaria and Leishmaniasis. Phyton 89: 137. 10.32604/phyton.2020.07665
Yu, S. Y., Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. D., Kang, S. N., Lee, S. K., Jang, J. Y., et al., 2013. Phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and anti-adipogenic effect of hot water extract from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed. Nutrients 5: 4894–4907. 10.3390/nu5124894
Zuniga-Salcedo, M., Ulloa, J., Bautista-Rosales, P.U., Rosas-Ulloa, P., Ramírez-Ramíez, J., Silva-Carrillo, Y., et al., 2019. Effect of ultrasound treatment on physicochemical, functional, and nutritional properties of a safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) protein isolate Italian Journal of Food Science 31: 592–603. 10.14674/IJFS-1440
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