Analysis of hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of water-deficient rivers in China: a case study of the Ciyao River Basin in Shanxi Province
Main Article Content
Keywords
Ciyao River Basin, evaporation crystallization, hydrochemical characteristics, ion sources, rock weathering
Abstract
In order to explore the chemical water characteristics of water-scarce rivers in China, the Ciyao River basin in Shanxi Province was taken as a case study. Water samples of the mainstream and its tributaries were collected in the wet, normal, and dry seasons of 2021. The composition and spatial variation of the main ions in the water body were analyzed using the ion chromatography (IC) instrument. In addition, Pearson correlation analyses were used to evaluate relevant correlation between ion concentrations. The results showed that the overall surface water in the study area was weakly alkaline, and the content of total dissolved solids (TDS) varied greatly, ranging from 702 to 5091 mg/L, with an average of 2897 mg/L. The TDS showed a middle stream > downstream > upstream trend, and the hydrochemical type was Cl • SO4 • HCO3 – Ca • Na. The contents of most ions were significantly changed based on differences in sampling sites and seasons. Natural and human factors influence the chemical characteristics of the river. According to the Gibbs diagram and Piper diagram (Figure 3), the ionic composition of the water body in the basin is mainly affected by the joint action of rock weathering and evaporative crystallization. Carbonate rocks constitute the most significant rock weathering, followed by evaporative and silicate rocks. Wastewater from industrial enterprises, agricultural wastewater, and activities of people’s daily living also have some influence on rock weathering. Cation exchange is also important in forming chemical water components in the Ciyao River. The research results can provide technical references and a basis for regional water environment protection, water resources development and utilization, and watershed eco-hydrology research.
References
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Yin, L., Wang, L., Zheng, W., Ge, L., Tian, J., Liu, Y., Yang, B. and Liu, S., 2022. Evaluation of empirical atmospheric models using Swarm-C satellite data. Atmosphere 13: 294.
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Chen, X., Quan, Q., Zhang, K. and Wei, J., 2021. Spatiotemporal characteristics and attribution of dry/wet conditions in the Weihe River Basin within a typical monsoon transition zone of East Asia over the recent 547 years. Environmental Modelling & Software 143: 105116. 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105116
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Fang, X., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Xiang, Y., Wu, Y. and Zhang, Y., 2021. Employing extreme value theory to establish nutrient criteria in bay waters: a case study of Xiangshan Bay. Journal of Hydrology 603: 127146. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127146
Fu, G., Butler, D. and Khu, S.-T., 2009. The impact of new developments on river water quality from an integrated system modelling perspective. Science of the Total Environment 407: 1257–1267. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.033
Gao, Z. and Chen, C., 2018. The classification method of water chemical types based on the principle of Kurllov’s formula and Shoka Lev classification. Groundwater 40: 6–13.
Ge, D., Yuan, H., Xiao, J. and Zhu, N., 2019. Insight into the enhanced sludge dewaterability by tannic acid conditioning and pH regulation. Science of The Total Environment 679: 298–306. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.060
Gibbs, R.J., 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 170: 1088–1090. 10.1126/science.170.3962.1088
Hu, C., Zhou, W. and Xia, S., 2011. Characteristics of major ions and the influence factors in Poyang Lake catchment. Environmental Chemistry 30: 1620–1626.
Huiwei, W., Xiaojiao, G., Zhang, Q. and Bingyan, L., 2021. Evolution of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and origin analysis in Hutuo River Basin. Environmental Chemistry 40: 3838–3845.
Jang, E., Jeong, S. and Chung, E., 2017. Application of three different water treatment technologies to shale gas produced water. Geosystem Engineering 20: 104–110. 10.1080/12269328.2016.1239553
Jia, Y., Guo, H., Xi, B., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Z., Yuan, R., Yi, W. and Xue, X., 2017. Sources of groundwater salinity and potential impact on arsenic mobility in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia. Science of the Total Environment 601: 691–702. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.196
Ke, Z., Bai, Y., Bai, Y., Chu, Y., Gu, S., Xiang, X., Ding, Y. and Zhou, X., 2022. Cold plasma treated air improves the characteristic flavor of dry-cured black carp through facilitating lipid oxidation. Food Chemistry 377: 131932. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131932
Li, J., Jiang, Y. and Liu, Y., 2022. Hydrolochemical characteristics and spatial-temporal variations of groundwater in the Liangshui River basin, Beijing. Chinese Environmental Science 42: 7–12.
Li, L.-J., Li, H.-B. and Wang, J., 2002. Analysis on hydrological and water quality character and their spatial and temporal distribution in Lancangjiang River. Scientia Geographica Sinica/Dili Kexue 22: 49–56.
Li, M., Jiang, T., He, R., Mu, Z., Wei, S. and Xie, D., 2012. Water chemistry characteristics of a typical agricultural small watershed in Three Gorge Reservoir area and its changing tendency. China Environmental Science 32: 1062–1068.
Li, S., Cui, G. and Li, Q., 2018. Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of nitrogen and silicon in cascade reservoirs of the Jialing River. Earth and Environment 46: 10–16.
Li, W., Shi, Y., Zhu, D., Wang, W., Liu, H., Li, J., Shi, N., Ma, L. and Fu, S., 2021a. Fine root biomass and morphology in a temperate forest are influenced more by the nitrogen treatment approach than the rate. Ecological Indicators 130: 108031. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108031
Li, Y.-Z., Gao, Z.-J., Liu, J.-T., Wang, M. and Han, C., 2021b. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of spring water in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest China. Journal of Mountain Science 18: 2061–2078. 10.1007/s11629-020-6625-y
Lin, X., Lu, K., Hardison, A.K., Liu, Z., Xu, X., Gao, D., Gong, J. and Gardner, W.S., 2021. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry method (REOX/MIMS) to measure 15N-nitrate in isotope--enrichment experiments. Ecological Indicators 126: 107639. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107639
Liu, F., Wang, S., Wang, L., Shi, L., Song, X., Yeh, T.-C.J. and Zhen, P., 2019a. Coupling hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to identify the major factors affecting groundwater geochemical evolution in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Journal of geochemical Exploration 205: 106352. 10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106352
Liu, J., Gao, Z., Wang, M., Li, Y., Shi, M., Zhang, H. and Ma, Y., 2019b. Hydrochemical characteristics and possible controls in the groundwater of the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 78: 1–11. 10.1007/s12665-019-8101-y
Liu, J. and Liu, J., 2022. Hydrochemical characteristics analysis and hydrogeochemical simulation of shallow groundwater in downstream of Haihe River Basin. Energy and Environmental Protection 2022: 6–13.
Liu, J.-T., Cai, W.-T., Cao, Y.-T., Cai, Y.-M., Bian, C., Lü, Y.-G. and Chen, Y.-M., 2018. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and the origin in alluvial-proluvial fan of Qinhe River. Huan Jing ke Xue = Huanjing Kexue 39: 5428–5439.
Liu, M., Zhao, L. and Li, Q., 2021a. Hydrochemical characteristics, main ion sources of main rivers in the source region of Yangtze River. China Environmental Science 41: 1243–1254.
Liu, X., Xiang, W. and Ma, X., 2021b. Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of shallow groundwater in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Chinese Environmental Science 41: 9–14.
Liu, Y., Tian, J., Zheng, W. and Yin, L., 2022. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of haze and pollution particles in China based on spatial statistics. Urban Climate 41: 101031. 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101031
Liu, Y., Zhang, K., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Wang, J. and Huang, P., 2020. A hybrid runoff generation modelling framework based on spatial combination of three runoff generation schemes for semi-humid and semi-arid watersheds. Journal of Hydrology 590: 125440. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125440
Luo, Z., Renzeng, L. and Chen, H., 2021. Hydrochemical characteristics and its controlling factors of Basong Lake in cold season in Tibet. Chinese Environmental Science 41: 8–13.
Marandi, A. and Shand, P., 2018. Groundwater chemistry and the Gibbs Diagram. Applied Geochemistry 97: 209–212. 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.07.009
Markich, S.J. and Brown, P.L., 1998. Relative importance of natural and anthropogenic influences on the fresh surface water chemistry of the Hawkesbury–Nepean River, south-eastern Australia. Science of the Total Environment 217: 201–230. 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00188-0
Ning, T., Li, Z. and Liu, W., 2016. Separating the impacts of climate change and land surface alteration on runoff reduction in the Jing River catchment of China. Catena 147: 80–86. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.06.041
Pant, R.R., Zhang, F., Rehman, F.U., Wang, G., Ye, M., Zeng, C. and Tang, H., 2018. Spatiotemporal variations of hydrogeochemistry and its controlling factors in the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya Nepal. Science of the Total Environment 622: 770–782. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.063
Peng, X., Zheng, J., Liu, Q., Hu, Q., Sun, X., Li, J., Liu, W. and Lin, Z., 2021. Efficient removal of iron from red gypsum via synergistic regulation of gypsum phase transformation and iron speciation. Science of The Total Environment 791: 148319. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148319
Qi, X., Liu, S. and Zhang, Z., 2021. Emporal and spatial variation and cause analysis of shallow groundwater chemistry in Binzhou City. Earth and Environment 19: 1–11.
Quan, Q., Gao, S., Shang, Y. and Wang, B., 2021. Assessment of the sustainability of Gymnocypris eckloni habitat under river damming in the source region of the Yellow River. Science of the Total Environment 778: 146312. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146312
Ruxue, L., 2021. Assessment of self-purification capacity of tailwater recharge-type rivers in urban sewage plants and its influencing factors. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21: 10583–10593.
Shen, Z., 1983. Hydrogeochemical basis. Hydrogeology Engineering Geology 3: 58–61.
Tian, H., Qin, Y., Niu, Z., Wang, L. and Ge, S., 2021. Summer maize mapping by compositing time series sentinel-1A imagery based on crop growth cycles. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 49: 2863–2874. 10.1007/s12524-021-01428-0
Villaverde, S., 2004. Recent developments on biological nutrient removal processes for wastewater treatment. Re/Views in Environmental Science & Bio/Technology 3: 171–183. 10.1007/s11157-004-4565-6
Williams, M.R., Fisher, T.R. and Melack, J.M., 1997. Solute dynamics in soil water and groundwater in a central Amazon catchment undergoing deforestation. Biogeochemistry 38: 303–335. 10.1023/A:1005801303639
Wu, C., Xuan, Y. and Zhang, H., 2015. Groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and cause analysis in an arid and semi-arid area South-to-North Water Diversion. Water Conservancy Technology 5: 1–15.
Wu, X., Liu, Z., Yin, L., Zheng, W., Song, L., Tian, J., Yang, B. and Liu, S., 2021. A haze prediction model in chengdu based on LSTM. Atmosphere 12: 1479. 10.3390/atmos12111479
Xu, J., Lan, W., Ren, C., Zhou, X., Wang, S. and Yuan, J., 2021. Modeling of coupled transfer of water, heat and solute in saline loess considering sodium sulfate crystallization. Cold Regions Science and Technology 189: 103335. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2021.103335
Yan, Y., Niu, F. and Liu, J., 2022. Hydrochemical characteristics and sources of the upper Yarlung Zangbo River in summer Chinese Environmental Science 42: 11–15.
Yang, Y., Li, T., Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Chang, S.X., Liang, C. and An, S., 2021. Negative effects of multiple global change factors on soil microbial diversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 156: 108229. 10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108229
Yin, L., Wang, L., Huang, W., Liu, S., Yang, B. and Zheng, W., 2021. Spatiotemporal analysis of haze in Beijing based on the multi-convolution model. Atmosphere 12: 1408. 10.3390/atmos12111408
Yin, L., Wang, L., Zheng, W., Ge, L., Tian, J., Liu, Y., Yang, B. and Liu, S., 2022. Evaluation of empirical atmospheric models using Swarm-C satellite data. Atmosphere 13: 294.
Zhang, K., Wang, S., Bao, H. and Zhao, X., 2019. Characteristics and influencing factors of rainfall-induced landslide and debris flow hazards in Shaanxi Province, China. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19: 93–105. 10.5194/nhess-19-93-2019
Zhang, Q., Jin, Z., Zhang, F. and Xiao, J., 2015a. Seasonal variation in river water chemistry of the middle reaches of the Yellow River and its controlling factors. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 156: 101–113. 10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.05.008
Zhang, T., Wang, M.-G., Zhang, Z.-Y., Liu, T. and He, J., 2020. Hydrochemical characteristics and possible controls of the surface water in ranwu lake basin. Huan Jing ke Xue = Huanjing Kexue 41: 4003–4010.
Zhang, X., Ma, F., Dai, Z., Wang, J., Chen, L., Ling, H. and Soltanian, M.R., 2022. Radionuclide transport in multi-scale fractured rocks: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 424: 127550. 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127550
Zhang, X., Ma, F., Yin, S., Wallace, C.D., Soltanian, M.R., Dai, Z., Ritzi, R.W., Ma, Z., Zhan, C. and Lü, X., 2021. Application of upscaling methods for fluid flow and mass transport in multi-scale heterogeneous media: a critical review. Applied Energy 303: 117603.
Zhang, Y., Wu, Y., Yang, J. and Sun, H., 2015b. Hydrochemical characteristic and reasoning analysis in Siyi Town, Langznong City. Huan Jing ke Xue = Huanjing Kexue 36: 3230–3237.
Zhao, T., Shi, J., Entekhabi, D., Jackson, T.J., Hu, L., Peng, Z., Yao, P., Li, S. and Kang, C.S., 2021. Retrievals of soil moisture and vegetation optical depth using a multi-channel collaborative algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment 257: 112321. 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112321
Zongxing, L., Qi, F., Wang, Q., Song, Y., Jianguo, L., Yongge, L. and Yamin, W., 2016. Quantitative evaluation on the influence from cryosphere meltwater on runoff in an inland river basin of China. Global and Planetary Change 143: 189–195. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.005
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