Assessment of microbiological quality of foodstuffs served in college cafeterias
Main Article Content
Keywords
catering practices, college cafeterias, food handlers, HACCP, microbiological quality, surface sanitation
Abstract
Introduction With tremendous economic growth taking place in India, ‘Eating Out’ has assumed great importance for the younger generation resulting in proliferation of the college cafeteria industry. Objective The study was conducted to assess the microbiological safety of food served in the cafeterias of two colleges (C-1 and C-2) of University of Delhi. Methods Information was gathered regarding catering operations and microbiological quality of water and 13 common food items was assessed. Results There were lacunae in all aspects of catering operations. C-1 and C-2 obtained values of 41.9% and 63.9% for overall desirable practices for catering and food material handling practices. Water from source was generally satisfactory in quality. Almost all the food items showed high standard plate count and coliform count. Further, 37% and 46% of the food samples tested positive for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point study revealed that contamination occurred at several points during the course of preparation. Conclusion The study indicated that the sanitary and hygiene practices followed in the cafeterias of the two colleges were extremely unsatisfactory. It is imperative that the concerned authorities take speedy appropriate remedial action and ensure that safe food is provided in the college cafeterias.
References
Ablett J., Baijal A., Beinhocker E., Bose A., Farrell D., Gersch U., Greenberg E., Gupta S., Gupta S. (2007).The ‘Bird of Gold’: The Rise of India’s Consumer Market. McKinsey Global Institute, San Francisco.
Adegoke G.O., Egunjobi O., Agbola S., Olatuberu C.O., Moy G.(2008) Hazard and critical control points of ready-to-eat foods and an abattoir examination in a typical tropical market. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition & Public Health,1, 58–67.
Bandekar J., Kamat A., Thomas P. (1998) Microbiological quality of the dairy product pedha and its improvement using gamma radiation. Journal of Food Safety,18, 221–230.
BIS. IS:5401. (1969a). Method for Detection and Estimation of Coliform Bacteria in Food Stuffs. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
BIS. IS: 5402. (1969b). Method for Plate Count of Bacteria in FoodStuffs. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
BIS. IS:15000. (1998). Food Hygiene-Hazard Analysis and CriticalControl Point (HACCP)-System and Guidelines for its Application. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Chakravarty I., Canet C. (1996) Street foods in Calcutta.Food Nutrition and Agriculture,17/18, 30–37.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (1997). Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system and guidelines for its application. Annx to CAC/RCP-1-1969, Rev 3. pp 1–61, JointFAO/WHO Food Standards Program.
Economic Survey. (2009-2010). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Available at http://indiabudget.nic.in [Last accessed 6 January 2011].
FAO/WHO. (2003).Assuring Food Safety and Quality. Guidelines for Strengthening National Food Control Systems. ISSN 0254-4725. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome and World Health Organization, Geneva.
Gangahar P. (2000) Food safety and quality management. In: Foods and Nutrition Update: Challenges Aheadeds Sharma S., Sundararaj P. pp. 236–250, Phoenix Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
Gillespie I., Little C., Mitchell R. (2000) Microbiological examination of cold ready-to-eat sliced meats from catering establishments in the United Kingdom. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 467–475.
Giorgi L., Lindner L.F. (2009) The contemporary governance of food safety: taking stock and looking ahead. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods,1, 36–49.
Golden N.J., Crouch E.A., Latimer H., Kadry A.R., Kause J.(2009) Risk assessment for Clostridium perfringens in ready-to-eat and partially cooked meat and poultry products. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 1376–1384.
Gurudasani R., Sheth M. (2009) Food safety knowledge and attitude of consumers of various food service establishments. Journal of Food Safety, 29, 364–380.
IFH. (2002). Second International Forum on Home Hygiene. IFH, New Delhi.
Jay J.M. (2000). Modern Food Microbiology, 6th Edition. Aspen Publishers, Maryland.
Jumaa P.A. (2005) Hand hygiene: simple and complex. International Journal of Infectious Diseases,9, 3–14.
Kashyap S., Sharma S., Sundararaj P., Gupta S. (2004).Determinants of healthy eating in young girls attending college and promoting healthy lifestyles in them. WHO Biennium Project Report, Government of India.
Keeratipibul S., Meethong S., Techaruwichit P., Theputtee N.(2010) Prevalence ofEscherichia coli and enterococci in a Thaifrozen cooked chicken plant and modeling of the cleaning and sanitizing procedure. Food Control,21, 1104–1112.
Keeratipibul S., Oupaichit T., Techaruwichit P. (2009) Contamination profiles of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in steamed chicken meat products. Journal of Food Protection, 72,1821–1829.
Kusumaningrum H.D., Paltinaite R., Koomen A.J., HazelegerW.C., Rombouts F.M., Beumer R.R. (2003) Tolerance of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus to surface cleaning and household bleach. Journal of Food Protect, 66, 2289–2295.
Liu H., Hobbs E.J., Kerr W.A. (2009) Straining to catch up: China’s food safety regime in disequilibrium. International Journal of Food Safety Nutrition Public Health, 2, 30–47.
Mepba H.D., Achinewho S.C., Aso S.N., Wachukwu C.K. (2007) Microbiological quality of selected street foods in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Journal of Food Safety, 27, 208–218.
NFI. (2003). National Workshop on Food Safety. Nutrition Foundation of India, New Delhi.
NIN. (1992) Davies RF. Food safety in public catering in developing countries. In: Food Safety in Public Catering eds Bhat R.V., Rao N.R. pp. 1–7, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad.
Olasupo N.A., Smith S.I., Akinsinde K.A. (2002) Examination of the microbial status of selected indigenous fermented foods in Nigeria. Journal of Food Safety, 22, 85–93.
Park A., Lee S.J. (2009) Fault tree analysis on handwashing for hygiene management. Food Control, 20, 223–229.
Rangana S. (1995) Assessment of surface sanitation. In: Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control of Fruits and Vegetable Products eds. Rangana S. pp. 669–672, Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Redmond E.C., Griffith C.J. (2004) Consumer attitudes and perceptions towards microbial food safety in the domestic kitchen. Journal of Food Safety, 24, 169–174.
Roday S. (1999). Hygiene and Sanitation in Food Industry. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Santana G.N., Almeida R.C.C., Fereira J.S., Almeida P.F. (2009) Microbiological quality and safety of meals served to children and adoption of good manufacturing practices in public school catering in Brazil. Food Control, 20, 255–261.
Sharma S., Sundararaj P. (2002). Food safety in public railway catering. WHO Biennium Project Report, Government of India.
Soriano J.M., Blesa J., Rico H., Molto J.C., Manes J. (2002)Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in meals from cafeterias. Journal of Food Safety, 22, 135–140.
Soriano J.M., Rico H., Molto J.C., Manes J. (2000) Microbial evaluation of Spanish potato omelette and cooked meat samples in university restaurants. Journal of Food Protection, 63, 1273–1276.
Souza P.M., Santos D.A. (2009) Microbiological risk factors associated with food handlers in elementary schools from Brazil. Journal of Food Safety, 29, 424–429.
Udgiri R.S., Masali K.A. (2007) A study on health status of food handlers employed in food establishments in Bijapur city. Journal of Community Medicine, 32, 131–132.
West B.B., Wood L., Harger V.F., Shugort G.S. (1977). Food Service in Institutions, 5 th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
WHO. (2002) Major issues in food safety. In: WHO Global Strategy for Food Safety: Safer Food for Better Health. ISBN 92-4-1545747. pp. 1–27, Food Safety Department, World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO. (2005).WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (Advanced Draft): A Summary. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/patientsafety/events/05/HH_en.pdf [Last accessed 12 January 2011].