Effects of pot simulated heavy metal stress on growth and heavy metal accumulation of Brassica chinensis L. in greenhouse
Main Article Content
Keywords
red soil; greenhouse; Brassica chinensis L.; heavy metals; accumulation
Abstract
The effect of heavy metal migration, accumulation, and growth of Brassica chinensis L. were studied by the pot experiment. The results had shown that cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) had inhibitory effects on the growth of Brassica chinensis L., but chromium (Cr) did not. The highest inhibitory degree was observed for Ni and Cu, relative growth rate was 0.21–0.35 and 0.32–0.42 g d−1, stress tolerance index was 22.44–31.77 and 29.88–36.55%, and leaf area and root length were the lowest. The main accumulation organs of Cd, Cu, and Zn are edible parts, and Pb, Cr, and Ni are in the roots. The bioconcentration factor of Cd (0.212– 7.064) is the highest and that of Ni and Cr are the lowest. The accumulation of Cd and Pb, Cd and Zn, and Cd and Ni in Brassica chinensis L. showed mutual inhibition effects, and the accumulation of Pb and Cr in Brassica chin-ensis L. showed synergistic effects. In the production of leaf vegetables, attention should be given to the pollution of Cd in soil. Brassica chinensis L. has a high cumulative capacity for Cd, which has a certain application prospect in the implementation of green technology remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
References
Ahmed, S., Fatema, T.Z., Mahdi, M.M., Md., N., Md., Z.A. and Choudhury T.R. 2022. Health risk assessment for heavy metal accumulation in leafy vegetables grown on tannery effluent contaminated soil. Toxicology Reports 9:346–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.009
Arif N., Yadav, V., Singh, S., Ahmad, P., Mishra, R.K., Sharma, S., Tripathi, D.K., Dubey, N.K. and Chauhan, D.K. 2016. Influence of high and low levels of plant-beneficial heavy metal ions on plant growth and development. Frontiers in Environmental Science 4: 69.
Bai, Y., Shen, G., Chen, X., Guo, C., Qian, X., Zhao, X. and Zhou, Z. 2018. Accumulation and transport of nickel in three vegetable crops and their edible safety. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 37（8）: 1619–1625. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAxXFt9nKCGnvDyKYejYEkhCgdT6thD4y8ooSQeobu46Z_zJY5uUIE4KZvoHiNmNFZjVj3Up5RNyBLgDJ6S8W8YHZ5Ga_J65_jgXOybsmVxjcN3dIsfk8eQgLbTYMbKG0QhWRhnY7wEZGA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Baldantoni, D., Morra, L., Zaccardelli, M. and Alfani, A. 2016. Cadmium accumulation in leaves of leafy vegetables. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 123:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.019
Barberon M. and Geldner N. 2014. Radial transport of nutrients: the plant root as a polarized epithelium. Plant Physiology 166:528–537.
Birghila, S., Matei, N., Dobrinas, S., Popescu, V., Soceanu, A. and Niculescu, A. 2023. Assessment of heavy metal content in soil and lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and their health implications. Biological Trace Element Research 201:1547–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03257-9
Cao, C., Liang, B.Y., Yang, Y., Ren, D., Tang, Q.H., Wang, C.W., Li Z. and Wang, J.J. 2024. Temporal variations in absorption and translocation of heavy metal(loid)s in pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) under open-field and greenhouse cultivation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 281, 116667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.1 16667
Chen, Z., Muhammad, I., Zhang, Y., Hu, W., Lu, Q., Wang, W., Huang, B. and Hao, M. 2021.Transfer of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouse cultivation systems and their health risks in northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 766:142663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142663
Chin, J.M., Lim, Y.Y. and Ting, A.S.Y. 2022. Biopriming vegetable seeds with metal-tolerant biocontrol agents to enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Biological Control 174:105035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105035
China National Environmental Protection Agency (CNEPA). 2006. Environmental quality evaluation standard for farmland of greenhouse vegetables production (HJ333–2006). Beijing, China: China Environment Press.
Chinese Ministry of Health (CMH). 2017. National standards for food safety limit of contaminants in food (GB2762-2017). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.2006. Soil test (NY/T 1121-2006). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.1995. Determination of total calcium, magnesium, and sodium in soil (NY/T 296-1995). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.1987. Method for the determination of soil water content (NY/T 52-1987). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Environmental. 2016. Protection soil quality-determination of conductivity-electrode method (HJ 802-2016). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Ministry of Environmental. 2013. Soil-determination of organic carbon-combustion oxidation-titration method (HJ 658-2013). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Phosphorus determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1232-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Potassium determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1234-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Nitrogen determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1228-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Dong, J., Gao, P., Sun, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Xue, P. and Liu, W. 2022. Characteristics and health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, and arsenic accumulation in leafy vegetables planted in a greenhouse. Environmental Science (in Chinese) 43(1):481–489. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202106002
Gao, X., Peng, Y., Zhou, Y., Muhammad, A. and Chen, Q. 2019. Effects of magnesium ferrite biochar on the cadmium passivation in acidic soil and bioavailability for pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.). Journal of Environmental Management 251:109610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109610.
Guo, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, W., Zhao, J., Yu, S., Jia, H., Zhang, C. and Li, Y. 2022. Incorporating in vitro bioaccessibility into human health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloid (As) in soil and pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) from greenhouse vegetable production fields in a megacity in northwest China. Food Chemistry 373:131488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131488
Gupta, N., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Chadd, R.P. and Kumar, A. 2019. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration—a review. Science of the Total Environment 651:2927–2942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.047
Han, C., Shen, H. and Zhang, H. 2017. Effects of simulated-Cd-pollution on growth, cadmium accumulation and its subcellular distribution in Brasica chinensis L. Northern Horticulture 22:6–11. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAy5Rov9jpwn5-MlNe37Wc1V668XW0DkVHwIFORsZBd97JKdbYktNLujdCOuVwM9CLLutBGYOE0sJEY6I-h7dDPz5yAgXsJh9oUZ0MFAcA_1rwe2loPHOZGZ2wcxnqsuKydkVoi_ZDIT0A==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Hu, W., Huang, B., Borggaard, O.K., Ye, M., Tian, K., Zhang, H. and Holm, P.E. 2018. Soil threshold values for cadmium based on paired soil-vegetable content analyses of greenhouse vegetable production systems in China: implications for safe food production. Environmental Pollution 241:922–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.034.0
Hu, W., Huang, B., Tian, K., Holm, P.E. and Zhang, Y. 2017. Heavy metals in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems along Yellow Sea of China: levels, transfer and health risk. Chemosphere 167:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.122
Huang, L, Wang, Q., Zhou, Q., Ma, L., Wu, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, S. and Feng, Y. 2020. Cadmium uptake from soil and transport by leafy vegetables: a meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution 264:114677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114677
Hunt, R., Causton, D.R., Shipley, B. and Askew, A.P. 2002. A modern tool for classical plant growth analysis. Annals of Botany 90(2002):485–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf214
Jalali, M. and Meyari, A. 2022. Heavy metal contents, soil-to-plant transfer factors, and associated health risks in vegetables grown in western Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 106:104316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104316
Jan, F.A., Ishaq, M., Ihsanullah, I. and Asim, S.M. 2010. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals pollution in industrial area and its comparison with relatively less polluted area: a case study from the city of Peshawar and district Dir Lower. Journal of Hazardous Materials 176: 609–616.
Kalkhajeh, Y.K.Y., Huang, B., Hu, W., Ma, C., Gao, H., Thompson, M.L. and Hansen, H.C.B. 2020. Environmental soil quality and vegetable safety under current greenhouse vegetable production management in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 307:107230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107230
Kumar, V., Pandita, S., Sidhu, G.P.S., Sharma, A., Khanna, K., Kaur, P., Bali, A.S. and Setiaet, R. 2021. Copper bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and tolerance in plants: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 262:127810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127810
Krzesłowska, M. 2011. The cell wall in plant cell response to trace metals: polysaccharide remodeling and its role in defense strategy. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33 :35–51.
Li, J., Zhu, L., Tong, L., Lu, Y. and Li, J. 2018. Risk assessment of heavy metals accumulation in soils under long-term greenhouse vegetable cultivation conditions. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 37(10):2159–2165. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAxQgu_78yfT4Bdf4RJtXa_E7-UyQSBEAWZ5dW84H1dzwR97PfjrFnu8CpFN4MktJ1uyX-nZfM9bfPctiFDV-Z_na1IQuZ0GbWwkn69MrP03LknrmYjLtx9KIssY6PK1R3C0z4mXSQ6Ocw==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Lin L., Wu, X., Deng, X., Lin, Z., Liu, C., Zhang, J., He, T., Yi, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Sun, W. and Xu, Z. 2024. Mechanisms of low cadmium accumulation in crops: a comprehensive overview from rhizosphere soil to edible parts. Mechanisms of low cadmium accumulation in crops: a comprehensive overview from rhizosphere soil to edible parts. Environmental Research, Volume 245:118054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118054
Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X. and Xu, J. 2021. Occurrence and health risks of heavy metals in plastic-shed soils and vegetables across China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmen 21:107632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107632
Liu, L. 2010. Changes of heavy metal’s content in greenhouse and the absorption and accumulation of Cr6+ in celery. PhD diss., Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=jDUTNXVfqCp9BPe5fpmNfVz5qRsQpb7ME0iFsWUS0z1yXs9oxWi_0f7WSYLayZHDCHN7h5c7Ghew_OYDceEk4piNIcKQ1Lg7b4FBiYty5lJ7x-cihmRpa8ItBbxDg1edlGLkfvmnWayCHiq_F4Xh9w==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Meng, M., Yang, L., Wei, B., Cao, Z., Yu, J. and Liao, X. 2021. Plastic shed production systems: the migration of heavy metals from soil to vegetables and human health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 215:112106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112106
Mi, B., Liu, F., Xie, L., Zhou, H., Wu, F. and Dai, X. 2019. Evaluation of the uptake capacities of heavy metals in Chinese cabbage. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171: 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.022
Mohanty M. and Kumar P.H. 2013. Effect of ionic and chelate assisted hexavalent chromium on mung bean seedlings (Vigna Radiata l. Wilczek. Var k-851) during seedling growth. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry 9:232–241.
Mourato, M.P., Moreira, I.N., Leitao, I., Pinto, F.R., Sales, J.R. and Martins, L.L. 2015. Effect of heavy metals in plants of the genus Brassica. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16: 17975–17998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160817975
Mi, B., Xiao, W., Tu, N. and Wu, F. 2024. Selection of pollution-safe head cabbage: interaction of multiple heavy metals in soil on bioaccumulation and transfer. Food Chemistry 452:139615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139615
Naveed, S., Oladoye, P.O. and Alli, Y.A. 2023. Toxic heavy metals: a bibliographic review of risk assessment, toxicity, and phytoremediation technology. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment 2:100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2023.100018.
Neilson, S. and Rajakaruna, N. 2012. Roles of rhizospheric processes and plant physiology in applied phytoremediation of contaminated soils using Brassica oilseeds, in: Anjum, N.A., et al. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Contribution Towards Phytoremediation, pp. 313–330. Environmental Pollution Book Series, Vol. 21, Springer (Science + Business Media), Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Nie, G., Tu, T., Hu, L., Wu, L. and Zhou, Y. 2023. Accumulation characteristics and evaluation of heavy metals in soils and vegetables of plastic-covered sheds in typical red soil areas of China. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 15(3):22–35. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i3.1222
Ningombam, L., Hazarika, B.N., Yumkhaibam, T., Heisnam, P. and Singh, Y.D. 2024. Heavy metal priming plant stress tolerance deciphering through physiological, biochemical, molecular and omics mechanism. South African Journal of Botany, 168:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.02.032
Nolan, K. 2003. Copper toxicity syndrome. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 12 :270–282.
Purakayastha, T.J., Viswanath, T., Bhadraray, S., Chhonkar, P.K., Adhikari, P.P. and Suribabu, K. 2008. Phytoextraction of zinc, copper, nickel and lead from a contaminated soil by different species of Brassica. International Journal of Phytoremediation 10:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701827077
Quispe, N., Zanabria, D., Chavez, E., Cuadros, F., Carling, G. and Paredes, B. 2021. Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr and As) via consumption of vegetables cultured in agricultural sites in Arequipa, Peru. Chemical Data Collections 33:100723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2021.100723
Ruan, X., Ge, S., Jiao, Z., Zhan, W. and Wang, Y. 2023. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of potential toxic elements in the soil-vegetable system as influenced by historical wastewater irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 279:108197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108197
Singh, R., Singh, P.K., Madheshiya, P., Khare, A.K. and Tiwari, S. 2024. Heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated soil and bioaccumulation in cultivated vegetables: assessment of human health risk. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 128:106054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106054.
Sawut, R., Kasim, N., Maihemuti, B., Hu, L., Abliz, A., Abdujappar, A. and Kurban, M. 2018. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 642:864–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.034.
Shuai, Z., Liu, H., Cui, H. and Wei, S. 2022. Effects of interaction of zinc and cadmium on growth and cadmium accumulation of Brassica campestris L. Environmental Science 43(11):5234–5243. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202201202
Smith A.H., Lingas E.O. and Rahman M. 2000. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78:1093–1103.
Tariq, F.S., Samsuri, A.W., Karam, D.S., Aris, A.Z. and G. Jamilu. 2019. Bioavailability and mobility of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in gold mine tailings amended with rice husk ash and Fe-coated rice husk ash. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(4):232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
Türkdogan M.K., Kilicel F., Kara K., Tuncer I. and Uygan I. 2003. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13(3):175–179.
Wang, C., Li, M., Yan, C., Wen, T., Deng, Z., Wang, Z., Xu, W., Tuo, Y. and Xiang, P. 2022. Refining health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables from high geochemical background areas: role of bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 159:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.003
Wang, Z., Chen, X.M., Yu, D.Q., Zhang, L.X., Wang, J.N. and Lv, J.S. 2021. Source apportionment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in soils: a new exploration on receptor and geostatistical models. Science of The Total Environment 759(2):143428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143428.
Wei, L. 2019. Study of simulated-Cd-pollution on growth and accumulation of cadmium in green vegetables and radish. Journal of Kashi University 40(3):44–48. https://doi:10.13933/j.cnki.2096-2134.2019.03.010
Wen, Y.B., Li, W., Yang, Z.F., Guan, D., Song, Y., Guo, C. and Ji, J. 2020. Evaluation of various approaches to predict cadmium bioavailability to rice grown in soils with high geochemical background in the karst region, southwestern China. Environmental Pollution 258:113645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
Xu, L., Lu, A., Tian, X., He, H. and Yin, J. 2017. Accumulation characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in typical greenhouse vegetable bases. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 50(21):4149–4158. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.21.009
Yu, X., Li, H., Yang, Q., Sun, Z. and Ma, Y. 2023. Accumulation of Cr in different vegetables and derivation of soil Cr threshold using the species sensitivity distribution method. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 258: 114993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114993
Yuan, X., Li, Y. and Zhang, X. 2008. Effect of copper addition on the growth and the activities of protective enzymes in leaves of Brassica chinensis L. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (in Chinese) 27(2):467–471. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAz7slBtgW8MeA5v6IeLp4OsLBaoH56CwSbFd4tyo83QjOKopIhsDgV4XrstmQTHzjXFLR5Tu7bvHbvxf6LGsQMullbsI-bQjD97AsG7sPWbR29HBt_6ugS_INDidfsUyic=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Yvette, C.M.M., Mamadou, T., Bertrand, Z.Z., Amina, A., Sadrac, O.O., Aline, B.N., Didier, B., Jules, R., Ndam, N., Zacharia, G. and Hassan, B.N. 2024. Evidence of heavy metal in soil, irrigation water and vegetable cultivated in peri-urban area of Yaoundé-Cameroon. Scientific African 25:e02280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02280
Zubair, M., Shafqat, A., Jabben, N., Shafiq, M., Balal, R.M., Tahir M.A., Hashmi, M. M., Naqvi, S.A.A., Ali, N., Abbas, S.M., Shahid, M.A., Korany, S.M., Alsherif, E.A. and Alomrani, S.O. 2024. Enhancing cabbage resilience against heavy metal stress through silicon amendments and melatonin: a depth investigation. Scientia Horticulturae 324: 112571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112571
Zunaidi, A.A., Lim, L.H. and Metali, F. 2023. Comparative assessment of the heavy metal phytoextraction potential of vegetables from agricultural soils: a field experiment. Heliyon 9(2):e13547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13547
Zunaidi, A.A., Lim, L.H and Metali, F. 2024. Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in the Brassica species (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis and Brassica rapa L.): a pot experiment. Heliyon 10(8):e29528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29528
Arif N., Yadav, V., Singh, S., Ahmad, P., Mishra, R.K., Sharma, S., Tripathi, D.K., Dubey, N.K. and Chauhan, D.K. 2016. Influence of high and low levels of plant-beneficial heavy metal ions on plant growth and development. Frontiers in Environmental Science 4: 69.
Bai, Y., Shen, G., Chen, X., Guo, C., Qian, X., Zhao, X. and Zhou, Z. 2018. Accumulation and transport of nickel in three vegetable crops and their edible safety. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 37（8）: 1619–1625. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAxXFt9nKCGnvDyKYejYEkhCgdT6thD4y8ooSQeobu46Z_zJY5uUIE4KZvoHiNmNFZjVj3Up5RNyBLgDJ6S8W8YHZ5Ga_J65_jgXOybsmVxjcN3dIsfk8eQgLbTYMbKG0QhWRhnY7wEZGA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Baldantoni, D., Morra, L., Zaccardelli, M. and Alfani, A. 2016. Cadmium accumulation in leaves of leafy vegetables. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 123:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.019
Barberon M. and Geldner N. 2014. Radial transport of nutrients: the plant root as a polarized epithelium. Plant Physiology 166:528–537.
Birghila, S., Matei, N., Dobrinas, S., Popescu, V., Soceanu, A. and Niculescu, A. 2023. Assessment of heavy metal content in soil and lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) and their health implications. Biological Trace Element Research 201:1547–1556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03257-9
Cao, C., Liang, B.Y., Yang, Y., Ren, D., Tang, Q.H., Wang, C.W., Li Z. and Wang, J.J. 2024. Temporal variations in absorption and translocation of heavy metal(loid)s in pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) under open-field and greenhouse cultivation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 281, 116667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.1 16667
Chen, Z., Muhammad, I., Zhang, Y., Hu, W., Lu, Q., Wang, W., Huang, B. and Hao, M. 2021.Transfer of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables grown in greenhouse cultivation systems and their health risks in northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 766:142663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142663
Chin, J.M., Lim, Y.Y. and Ting, A.S.Y. 2022. Biopriming vegetable seeds with metal-tolerant biocontrol agents to enhance tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Biological Control 174:105035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105035
China National Environmental Protection Agency (CNEPA). 2006. Environmental quality evaluation standard for farmland of greenhouse vegetables production (HJ333–2006). Beijing, China: China Environment Press.
Chinese Ministry of Health (CMH). 2017. National standards for food safety limit of contaminants in food (GB2762-2017). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.2006. Soil test (NY/T 1121-2006). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.1995. Determination of total calcium, magnesium, and sodium in soil (NY/T 296-1995). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.1987. Method for the determination of soil water content (NY/T 52-1987). Beijing, China: China Agricultural Press.
Chinese Ministry of Environmental. 2016. Protection soil quality-determination of conductivity-electrode method (HJ 802-2016). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Ministry of Environmental. 2013. Soil-determination of organic carbon-combustion oxidation-titration method (HJ 658-2013). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Phosphorus determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1232-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Potassium determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1234-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Chinese Forestry Administration. 2015. Nitrogen determination methods of forest soils (LY/T 1228-2015). Beijing, China: China Standards Press.
Dong, J., Gao, P., Sun, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Xue, P. and Liu, W. 2022. Characteristics and health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, and arsenic accumulation in leafy vegetables planted in a greenhouse. Environmental Science (in Chinese) 43(1):481–489. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202106002
Gao, X., Peng, Y., Zhou, Y., Muhammad, A. and Chen, Q. 2019. Effects of magnesium ferrite biochar on the cadmium passivation in acidic soil and bioavailability for pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.). Journal of Environmental Management 251:109610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109610.
Guo, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, W., Zhao, J., Yu, S., Jia, H., Zhang, C. and Li, Y. 2022. Incorporating in vitro bioaccessibility into human health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloid (As) in soil and pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) from greenhouse vegetable production fields in a megacity in northwest China. Food Chemistry 373:131488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131488
Gupta, N., Yadav, K.K., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Chadd, R.P. and Kumar, A. 2019. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration—a review. Science of the Total Environment 651:2927–2942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.047
Han, C., Shen, H. and Zhang, H. 2017. Effects of simulated-Cd-pollution on growth, cadmium accumulation and its subcellular distribution in Brasica chinensis L. Northern Horticulture 22:6–11. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAy5Rov9jpwn5-MlNe37Wc1V668XW0DkVHwIFORsZBd97JKdbYktNLujdCOuVwM9CLLutBGYOE0sJEY6I-h7dDPz5yAgXsJh9oUZ0MFAcA_1rwe2loPHOZGZ2wcxnqsuKydkVoi_ZDIT0A==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Hu, W., Huang, B., Borggaard, O.K., Ye, M., Tian, K., Zhang, H. and Holm, P.E. 2018. Soil threshold values for cadmium based on paired soil-vegetable content analyses of greenhouse vegetable production systems in China: implications for safe food production. Environmental Pollution 241:922–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.034.0
Hu, W., Huang, B., Tian, K., Holm, P.E. and Zhang, Y. 2017. Heavy metals in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems along Yellow Sea of China: levels, transfer and health risk. Chemosphere 167:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.122
Huang, L, Wang, Q., Zhou, Q., Ma, L., Wu, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, S. and Feng, Y. 2020. Cadmium uptake from soil and transport by leafy vegetables: a meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution 264:114677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114677
Hunt, R., Causton, D.R., Shipley, B. and Askew, A.P. 2002. A modern tool for classical plant growth analysis. Annals of Botany 90(2002):485–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf214
Jalali, M. and Meyari, A. 2022. Heavy metal contents, soil-to-plant transfer factors, and associated health risks in vegetables grown in western Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 106:104316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104316
Jan, F.A., Ishaq, M., Ihsanullah, I. and Asim, S.M. 2010. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals pollution in industrial area and its comparison with relatively less polluted area: a case study from the city of Peshawar and district Dir Lower. Journal of Hazardous Materials 176: 609–616.
Kalkhajeh, Y.K.Y., Huang, B., Hu, W., Ma, C., Gao, H., Thompson, M.L. and Hansen, H.C.B. 2020. Environmental soil quality and vegetable safety under current greenhouse vegetable production management in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 307:107230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107230
Kumar, V., Pandita, S., Sidhu, G.P.S., Sharma, A., Khanna, K., Kaur, P., Bali, A.S. and Setiaet, R. 2021. Copper bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and tolerance in plants: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 262:127810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127810
Krzesłowska, M. 2011. The cell wall in plant cell response to trace metals: polysaccharide remodeling and its role in defense strategy. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33 :35–51.
Li, J., Zhu, L., Tong, L., Lu, Y. and Li, J. 2018. Risk assessment of heavy metals accumulation in soils under long-term greenhouse vegetable cultivation conditions. Journal of Agro-Environment Science 37(10):2159–2165. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAxQgu_78yfT4Bdf4RJtXa_E7-UyQSBEAWZ5dW84H1dzwR97PfjrFnu8CpFN4MktJ1uyX-nZfM9bfPctiFDV-Z_na1IQuZ0GbWwkn69MrP03LknrmYjLtx9KIssY6PK1R3C0z4mXSQ6Ocw==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Lin L., Wu, X., Deng, X., Lin, Z., Liu, C., Zhang, J., He, T., Yi, Y., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Sun, W. and Xu, Z. 2024. Mechanisms of low cadmium accumulation in crops: a comprehensive overview from rhizosphere soil to edible parts. Mechanisms of low cadmium accumulation in crops: a comprehensive overview from rhizosphere soil to edible parts. Environmental Research, Volume 245:118054, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118054
Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X. and Xu, J. 2021. Occurrence and health risks of heavy metals in plastic-shed soils and vegetables across China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmen 21:107632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107632
Liu, L. 2010. Changes of heavy metal’s content in greenhouse and the absorption and accumulation of Cr6+ in celery. PhD diss., Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=jDUTNXVfqCp9BPe5fpmNfVz5qRsQpb7ME0iFsWUS0z1yXs9oxWi_0f7WSYLayZHDCHN7h5c7Ghew_OYDceEk4piNIcKQ1Lg7b4FBiYty5lJ7x-cihmRpa8ItBbxDg1edlGLkfvmnWayCHiq_F4Xh9w==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Meng, M., Yang, L., Wei, B., Cao, Z., Yu, J. and Liao, X. 2021. Plastic shed production systems: the migration of heavy metals from soil to vegetables and human health risk assessment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 215:112106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112106
Mi, B., Liu, F., Xie, L., Zhou, H., Wu, F. and Dai, X. 2019. Evaluation of the uptake capacities of heavy metals in Chinese cabbage. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171: 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.022
Mohanty M. and Kumar P.H. 2013. Effect of ionic and chelate assisted hexavalent chromium on mung bean seedlings (Vigna Radiata l. Wilczek. Var k-851) during seedling growth. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry 9:232–241.
Mourato, M.P., Moreira, I.N., Leitao, I., Pinto, F.R., Sales, J.R. and Martins, L.L. 2015. Effect of heavy metals in plants of the genus Brassica. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16: 17975–17998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160817975
Mi, B., Xiao, W., Tu, N. and Wu, F. 2024. Selection of pollution-safe head cabbage: interaction of multiple heavy metals in soil on bioaccumulation and transfer. Food Chemistry 452:139615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139615
Naveed, S., Oladoye, P.O. and Alli, Y.A. 2023. Toxic heavy metals: a bibliographic review of risk assessment, toxicity, and phytoremediation technology. Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment 2:100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scenv.2023.100018.
Neilson, S. and Rajakaruna, N. 2012. Roles of rhizospheric processes and plant physiology in applied phytoremediation of contaminated soils using Brassica oilseeds, in: Anjum, N.A., et al. (Eds.) The Plant Family Brassicaceae: Contribution Towards Phytoremediation, pp. 313–330. Environmental Pollution Book Series, Vol. 21, Springer (Science + Business Media), Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Nie, G., Tu, T., Hu, L., Wu, L. and Zhou, Y. 2023. Accumulation characteristics and evaluation of heavy metals in soils and vegetables of plastic-covered sheds in typical red soil areas of China. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 15(3):22–35. https://doi.org/10.15586/qas.v15i3.1222
Ningombam, L., Hazarika, B.N., Yumkhaibam, T., Heisnam, P. and Singh, Y.D. 2024. Heavy metal priming plant stress tolerance deciphering through physiological, biochemical, molecular and omics mechanism. South African Journal of Botany, 168:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.02.032
Nolan, K. 2003. Copper toxicity syndrome. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry. 12 :270–282.
Purakayastha, T.J., Viswanath, T., Bhadraray, S., Chhonkar, P.K., Adhikari, P.P. and Suribabu, K. 2008. Phytoextraction of zinc, copper, nickel and lead from a contaminated soil by different species of Brassica. International Journal of Phytoremediation 10:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510701827077
Quispe, N., Zanabria, D., Chavez, E., Cuadros, F., Carling, G. and Paredes, B. 2021. Health risk assessment of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr and As) via consumption of vegetables cultured in agricultural sites in Arequipa, Peru. Chemical Data Collections 33:100723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2021.100723
Ruan, X., Ge, S., Jiao, Z., Zhan, W. and Wang, Y. 2023. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of potential toxic elements in the soil-vegetable system as influenced by historical wastewater irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 279:108197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108197
Singh, R., Singh, P.K., Madheshiya, P., Khare, A.K. and Tiwari, S. 2024. Heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated soil and bioaccumulation in cultivated vegetables: assessment of human health risk. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 128:106054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106054.
Sawut, R., Kasim, N., Maihemuti, B., Hu, L., Abliz, A., Abdujappar, A. and Kurban, M. 2018. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the vegetable bases of northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 642:864–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.034.
Shuai, Z., Liu, H., Cui, H. and Wei, S. 2022. Effects of interaction of zinc and cadmium on growth and cadmium accumulation of Brassica campestris L. Environmental Science 43(11):5234–5243. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202201202
Smith A.H., Lingas E.O. and Rahman M. 2000. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78:1093–1103.
Tariq, F.S., Samsuri, A.W., Karam, D.S., Aris, A.Z. and G. Jamilu. 2019. Bioavailability and mobility of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in gold mine tailings amended with rice husk ash and Fe-coated rice husk ash. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191(4):232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
Türkdogan M.K., Kilicel F., Kara K., Tuncer I. and Uygan I. 2003. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 13(3):175–179.
Wang, C., Li, M., Yan, C., Wen, T., Deng, Z., Wang, Z., Xu, W., Tuo, Y. and Xiang, P. 2022. Refining health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables from high geochemical background areas: role of bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 159:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.003
Wang, Z., Chen, X.M., Yu, D.Q., Zhang, L.X., Wang, J.N. and Lv, J.S. 2021. Source apportionment and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements in soils: a new exploration on receptor and geostatistical models. Science of The Total Environment 759(2):143428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143428.
Wei, L. 2019. Study of simulated-Cd-pollution on growth and accumulation of cadmium in green vegetables and radish. Journal of Kashi University 40(3):44–48. https://doi:10.13933/j.cnki.2096-2134.2019.03.010
Wen, Y.B., Li, W., Yang, Z.F., Guan, D., Song, Y., Guo, C. and Ji, J. 2020. Evaluation of various approaches to predict cadmium bioavailability to rice grown in soils with high geochemical background in the karst region, southwestern China. Environmental Pollution 258:113645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113645
Xu, L., Lu, A., Tian, X., He, H. and Yin, J. 2017. Accumulation characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in typical greenhouse vegetable bases. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 50(21):4149–4158. https://doi.org/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.21.009
Yu, X., Li, H., Yang, Q., Sun, Z. and Ma, Y. 2023. Accumulation of Cr in different vegetables and derivation of soil Cr threshold using the species sensitivity distribution method. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 258: 114993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114993
Yuan, X., Li, Y. and Zhang, X. 2008. Effect of copper addition on the growth and the activities of protective enzymes in leaves of Brassica chinensis L. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (in Chinese) 27(2):467–471. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=j6HAoO1nZAz7slBtgW8MeA5v6IeLp4OsLBaoH56CwSbFd4tyo83QjOKopIhsDgV4XrstmQTHzjXFLR5Tu7bvHbvxf6LGsQMullbsI-bQjD97AsG7sPWbR29HBt_6ugS_INDidfsUyic=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS.
Yvette, C.M.M., Mamadou, T., Bertrand, Z.Z., Amina, A., Sadrac, O.O., Aline, B.N., Didier, B., Jules, R., Ndam, N., Zacharia, G. and Hassan, B.N. 2024. Evidence of heavy metal in soil, irrigation water and vegetable cultivated in peri-urban area of Yaoundé-Cameroon. Scientific African 25:e02280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02280
Zubair, M., Shafqat, A., Jabben, N., Shafiq, M., Balal, R.M., Tahir M.A., Hashmi, M. M., Naqvi, S.A.A., Ali, N., Abbas, S.M., Shahid, M.A., Korany, S.M., Alsherif, E.A. and Alomrani, S.O. 2024. Enhancing cabbage resilience against heavy metal stress through silicon amendments and melatonin: a depth investigation. Scientia Horticulturae 324: 112571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112571
Zunaidi, A.A., Lim, L.H. and Metali, F. 2023. Comparative assessment of the heavy metal phytoextraction potential of vegetables from agricultural soils: a field experiment. Heliyon 9(2):e13547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13547
Zunaidi, A.A., Lim, L.H and Metali, F. 2024. Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in the Brassica species (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis and Brassica rapa L.): a pot experiment. Heliyon 10(8):e29528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29528
Article Sidebar
Published
Jan 4, 2025
Article Details
Section
Original Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
