Biopolymer-epigallocatechin materials: a sustainable approach material for food packaging
Main Article Content
Keywords
epigallocatechin gallate, biopolymer, antimicrobial, intelligent and active packaging
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive component found in green tea, has generated significant interest as a potential alternative to artificial food additives. Its unique properties make it a promising candidate for developing eco-friendly polymers for food packaging. This review explores the potential of EGCG in enhancing the safety and quality of packaged food items. Known for its strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, EGCG’s primary function is attributed to its ability to eliminate free radicals and reduce peroxidase activity. This makes it a viable option for incorporation into active and intelligent polymer packaging systems to extend shelf life and preserve food freshness. However, water solubility and lack of thermal stability pose challenges that require careful optimization of performance in packaging materials. The review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in integrating EGCG into packaging materials, formulation techniques, processing methods, and its use to enhance the effectiveness of food packaging. Further, it discusses the potential future research approaches aimed at maximizing the benefits of EGCG to enhance the sustainability and efficiency of food packaging.
References
Adhami, V.M., Ahmad, N., and Mukhtar, H., 2003. Molecular targets for green tea in prostate cancer prevention. Journal of Nutrition 133(7): 2417S–2424S. 10.1093/jn/133.7.2417S
Al Yammahi, J., Rambabu, K., Thanigaivelan, A., Bharath, G., Hasan, S.W., Show, P.L., and Banat, F., 2023. Advances of non-conventional green technologies for phyto-saccharides extraction: current status and future perspectives. Phytochemistry Reviews 22(4): 1067–1088. 10.1007/s11101-022-09831-2
Arokia Vijaya Anand, M., Sivakumar Allur, S., Young-Min, K., Sukjin, S., and Sung Jae, K., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate protects the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in tenocytes. Process Biochemistry 130: 105–115. 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.030
Arunachalasivamani, P., Krisana, N., Thummanoon, P., Jun Tae, K., Jong-Whan, R., and Soottawat, B., 2024. Storage stability of Asian seabass oil-in-water pickering emulsion packed in pouches made from electrospun and solvent casted bilayer films from polylactic acid/chitosan-gelatin blend containing epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 265(1): 130760. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130760
Athirojthanakij, W., and Rashidinejad, A., 2024. Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery. Food Science & Nutrition 12(7): 5121–5130. 10.1002/fsn3.4161
Bakhshizadeh, M., Ayaseh, A., Hamishehkar, H., Samadi Kafil, H., Niknazar Moghaddam, T., Baghban Haghi, P., Lorenzo, J. M., 2023a. Multifunctional performance of packaging system based on gelatin/alove vera gel film containing of rosemary essential oil and common poppy anthocyanins. Food Control 154: 110017. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110017
Bakhshizadeh, M., Moghaddam, T.N., Tavassoli, M., Ayaseh, A., and Bangar, S.P., 2023b. Gelatin/chitosan nanofibres containing β-cyclodextrin complex and corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) for intelligent packaging. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 58(5): 2360–2368. 10.1111/ijfs.16369
Bertram, B., Bollow, U., Rajaee-Behbahani, N., Bürkle, A., and Schmezer, P., 2003. Induction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes after treatment with (−)-epigallocatechin-gallate. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 534(1): 77–84. 10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00245-0
Buatong, J., Mittal, A., Mittraparp-arthorn, P., Palamae, S., Saetang, J., and Benjakul, S., 2023. Bactericidal action of shrimp shell chitooligosaccharide conjugated with epigallocatechin gallate (COS-EGCG) against Listeria monocytogenes. Foods 12(3): 634. 10.3390/foods12030634
Calderón-Oliver, M., and Ponce-Alquicira, E., 2021. Environmentally friendly techniques and their comparison in the extraction of natural antioxidants from green tea, rosemary, clove, and oregano. Molecules, 26(7): 1869. 10.3390/molecules26071869
Cao, J., Wang, Q., Ma, T., Bao, K., Yu, X., Duan, Z., Li, C., 2020. Effect of EGCG-gelatin biofilm on the quality and microbial composition of tilapia fillets during chilled storage. Food Chemistry 305(1): 125454. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125454
Chenyu, Q., Guangyang, L., Yi, P., Kexin, Y., Qiyue, T., Yaowei, Z., Donghui, X., 2023. A comprehensive review of nano-delivery system for tea polyphenols: construction, applications, and challenges. Food Chemistry: X 17: 100571. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100571
Chimento, A., D’Amico, M., De Luca, A., Conforti, F.L., Pezzi, V., and De Amicis, F., 2023. Resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin for cancer therapy: challenges from their pro-apoptotic properties. Life 13(2): 261. 10.3390/life13020261
Dai, W., Yan, C., Ding, Y., Wang, W., Gu, S., Xu, Z., Ding, Y., 2022a. Effect of a chitosan coating incorporating epigallocatechin gallate on the quality and shelf life of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets during chilled storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 219: 1272–1283. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.180
Dai, W., Zhou, L., Gu, S., Wang, W., Xu, Z., Zhou, X., and Ding, Y., 2022b. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films incorporating epigallocatechin gallate: microstructure, physicochemical, and bioactive properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 211: 729–740. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.226
Ding, S.-B., Chu, X.-L., Jin, Y.-X., Jiang, J.-J., Zhao, X., and Yu, M., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by targeting mitochondrial ROS-mediated ferroptosis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1148814. 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148814
Domínguez, R., Barba, F.J., Gómez, B., Putnik, P., Bursać Kovačević, D., Pateiro, M., Lorenzo, J.M., 2018. Active packaging films with natural antioxidants to be used in meat industry: a review. Food Research International 113: 93–101. 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.073
Dong, L., Jiao, Q., Gao, J., Luo, X., Song, Y., Li, T., Luo, Z., 2023. Effects of Zein-Lecithin-EGCG nanoparticle coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (LWT) 182(1): 114918. 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114918
Dube, A., Nicolazzo, J.A., and Larson, I., 2011. Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the plasma exposure of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in mice through an enhancement in intestinal stability. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 44(3): 422–426. 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.004
Feng, M., Yu, L., Zhu, P., Zhou, X., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Chen, P., 2018. Development and preparation of active starch films carrying tea polyphenol. Carbohydrate Polymers 196(15): 162–167. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.043
Fu, X., Chang, X., Xu, S., Xu, H., Ge, S., Xie, Y., Ding, S., 2024. Development of a chitosan/pectin-based multi-active food packaging with both UV and microbial defense functions for effectively preserving of strawberry. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 254(2): 127968. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127968
Furukawa, A., Oikawa, S., Murata, M., Hiraku, Y., and Kawanishi, S., 2003. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate causes oxidative damage to isolated and cellular DNA. Biochemical Pharmacology 66(9): 1769–1778. 10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00541-0
Fuyun, J., Huihui, L., Chuyan, W., Na, G., Yizhong, S., Shuizhong, L., Zhi, Z., 2024. Remodeling the structure of soy protein fibrils to hydrogels for co-encapsulation of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin: role of EGCG. Food Hydrocolloids 147(B): 109439. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109439
Gan, R.-Y., Li, H.-B., Sui, Z.-Q., and Corke, H., 2018. Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): an updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58(6): 924–941. 10.1080/10408398.2016.1231168
Ghoreishi, S.M., and Heidari, E., 2013. Extraction of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea via supercritical fluid technology: neural network modeling and response surface optimization. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 74: 128–136. 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.009
Goudarzi, J., Moshtaghi, H., and Shahbazi, Y., 2023. Kappa-carrageenan-poly (vinyl alcohol) electrospun fiber mats encapsulated with Prunus domestica anthocyanins and epigallocatechin gallate to monitor the freshness and enhance the shelf-life quality of minced beef meat. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 35: 101017. 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.101017
Granja, A., Frias, I., Neves, A.R., Pinheiro, M., and Reis, S., 2017. Therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin gallate nanodelivery systems. BioMed Research International, 2017(1), p.5813793. 10.1155/2017/5813793
Hu, G., Luo, F., Han, J., Li, J., Zhou, C., Yang, C., . . . Hu, Y., 2023. EGCG/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes integrated into PCL/Chitosan oligosaccharide nanofiber membranes developed by ELS for fruit packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 144: 108992. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108992
Huang, X., Hong, M., Wang, L., Meng, Q., Ke, Q., and Kou, X., 2023. Bioadhesive and antibacterial edible coating of EGCG-grafted pectin for improving the quality of grapes during storage. Food Hydrocolloids 136(Part A): 108255. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108255
Huimin, Y., Zeyu, W., Jinbao, H., and Jun, L., 2024. Preparation, characterization and application of antioxidant packaging films based on chitosan-epicatechin gallate conjugates with different substitution degrees. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 260(Part 2): 129568. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129568
Isbrucker, R.A., Bausch, J., Edwards, J.A., and Wolz, E., 2006. Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 1: genotoxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44(5): 626–635. 10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.005
James, A., Wang, K., and Wang, Y., 2023. Therapeutic activity of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate on metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: the current updates. Nutrients, 15(13): 3022. 10.3390/nu15133022
Jiachen, S., Shengjie, D., Jianying, L., and Hui, Z., 2022. A comprehensive review on the effects of green tea and its components on the immune function. Food Science and Human Wellness 11(5): 1143–1155. 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.008
Kargozari, M., Hamedi, H., Amir Amirnia, S., Montazeri, A., and Abbaszadeh, S., 2018. Effect of bioactive edible coating based on sodium alginate and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil on the quality of refrigerated chicken fillet.
Kciuk, M., Alam, M., Ali, N., Rashid, S., Głowacka, P., Sundaraj, R., Kontek, R., 2023. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapeutic potential in cancer: mechanism of action and clinical implications. Molecules, 28(13): 5246. 10.3390/molecules28135246
Khezerlou, A., Alizadeh Sani, M., Tavassoli, M., Abedi-Firoozjah, R., Ehsani, A., and McClements, D.J., 2023a. Halochromic (pH-responsive) indicators based on natural anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness/spoilage. Journal of Composites Science 7(4): 143. 10.3390/jcs7040143
Khezerlou, A., Tavassoli, M., Alizadeh Sani, M., Ehsani, A., and McClements, D.J., 2023b. Smart packaging for food spoilage assessment based on Hibiscus sabdariffa L. anthocyanin-loaded chitosan films. Journal of Composites Science 7(10): 404. 10.3390/jcs7100404
Koina, I.M., Sarigiannis, Y., and Hapeshi, E., 2023. Green extraction techniques for the determination of active ingredients in tea: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. Separations, 10(2): 121. 10.3390/separations10020121
Köksoy, H., and Ragbetli, C., 2024. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) oil on various pathogens. [Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) ve Yeşil Çay (Camellia Sinensis) Yağının Çeşitli Patojenler Üzerinde İn Vitro Antimikrobiyal Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi]. Genel Tıp Dergisi 34(1): 38–42. 10.54005/geneltip.1333115
Krupkova, O., Ferguson, S.J., and Wuertz-Kozak, K., 2016. Stability of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and its activity in liquid formulations and delivery systems. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 37: 1–12. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.002
Legeay, S., Rodier, M., Fillon, L., Faure, S., and Clere, N., 2015. Epigallocatechin gallate: a review of its beneficial properties to prevent metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 7(7): 5443–5468. 10.3390/nu7075230
Li, D., Cao, D., Cui, Y., Sun, Y., Jiang, J., and Cao, X., 2023. The potential of epigallocatechin gallate in the chemoprevention and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1201085. 10.3389/fphar.2023.1201085
Liang, J., Yan, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Gao, X., Puligundla, P., and Wan, X., 2017a. Encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate in zein/chitosan nanoparticles for controlled applications in food systems. Food Chemistry 231: 19–24. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.106
Liang, J., Yan, H., Zhang, J., Dai, W., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., Puligundla, P., 2017b. Preparation and characterization of antioxidant edible chitosan films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate nanocapsules. Carbohydrate Polymers 171: 300–306. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.081
Lima, R. P., A. S. B. de Sousa, P. Abeli, R. M. Beaudry and S. d. M. Silva., 2022. Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetables. Food Control 142: 109270. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109270
Liu, Z., Ran, Q., Li, Q., Yang, T., Dai, Y., Zhang, T., Long, L., 2023. Interaction between major catechins and umami amino acids in green tea based on electronic tongue technology. Journal of Food Science 88(6): 2339–2352. 10.1111/1750-3841.16543
Long, L.H., Clement, M.V., and Halliwell, B., 2000. Artifacts in cell culture: rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide on addition of (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-catechin, and quercetin to commonly used cell culture media. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 273(1): 50–53. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2895
Lun Su, Y., Leung, L.K., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z.-Y., 2003. Stability of tea theaflavins and catechins. Food Chemistry 83(2): 189–195. 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00062-1
Mao, S., Ren, Y., Wei, C., Chen, S., Ye, X., and Jinhu, T., 2023. Development of novel EGCG/Fe loaded sodium alginate-based packaging films with antibacterial and slow-release properties. Food Hydrocolloids 145: 109032. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109032
Mengmeng, Z., Jingbo, L., Yu, G., Bing, Z., Meng-Lei, X., and Ting, Z., 2024. Se site targeted-two circles antioxidant in GPx4–like catalytic peroxide degradation by polyphenols (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and genistein using SERS. Food Chemistry: X 22: 101387. 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101387
Mimoto, J., Kiura, K., Matsuo, K., Yoshino, T., Takata, I., Ueoka, H., Harada, M.J.C., 2000. (–)-Epigallocatechin gallate can prevent cisplatin-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 21(5): 915–919. 10.1093/carcin/21.5.915
Mittal, A., Singh, A., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., Nilsuwan, K., Huda, N., and de la Caba, K., 2021. Composite films based on chitosan and epigallocatechin gallate grafted chitosan: characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Food Hydrocolloids 111: 106384. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106384
Moreno-Vásquez, M.J., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., Sánchez-Valdes, S., Tanori-Córdova, J.C., Castillo-Yañez, F.J., Quintero-Reyes, I.E., and Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z., 2021. Characterization of epigallocatechin-gallate-grafted chitosan nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Polymers 13(9): 1375. 10.3390/polym13091375
Nilsuwan, K., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., and de la Caba, K., 2019a. Fish gelatin monolayer and bilayer films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate: Properties and their use as pouches for storage of chicken skin oil. Food Hydrocolloids 89: 783–791. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.056
Nilsuwan, K., Guerrero, P., de la Caba, K., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T., 2019b. Properties of fish gelatin films containing epigallocatechin gallate fabricated by thermo-compression molding. Food Hydrocolloids 97: 105236. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105236
Nilsuwan, K., Guerrero, P., de la Caba, K., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T., 2020. Properties and application of bilayer films based on poly(lactic acid) and fish gelatin containing epigallocatechin gallate fabricated by thermo-compression molding. Food Hydrocolloids 105: 105792. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105792
Ntamo, Y., Jack, B., Ziqubu, K., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S.E., Nkambule, B.B., Nyambuya, T.M., Mabhida, S.E., Hanser, S., Orlando, P., Tiano L., and Dludla P.V., 2024. Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 64(1): 87-109. 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104805
Oliveira, M.R.d., Nabavi, S.F., Daglia, M., Rastrelli, L., and Nabavi, S.M., 2016. Epigallocatechin gallate and mitochondria—a story of life and death. Pharmacological Research 104: 70–85. 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.027
Oroian, M., and Escriche, I., 2015. Antioxidants: characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International 74: 10–36. 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.018
Papuc, C., Goran, G.V., Predescu, C.N., Nicorescu, V., and Stefan, G., 2017. Plant polyphenols as antioxidant and antibacterial agents for shelf-life extension of meat and meat products: classification, structures, sources, and action mechanisms. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 16(6): 1243–1268. 10.1111/1541-4337.12298
Pasrija, D., and Anandharamakrishnan, C., 2015. Techniques for extraction of green tea polyphenols: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 8(5): 935–950. 10.1007/s11947-015-1479-y
Paweł, B., Dariusz, T.M., Tomasz, K., Magdalena, C.-K., Ludwika, P., Emil, K., Tomasz, G., 2023. Tea-break with epigallocatechin gallate derivatives—powerful polyphenols of great potential for medicine. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 261: 115820. 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115820
Pei, J., Mei, J., Yu, H., Qiu, W., and Xie, J., 2022. Effect of gum tragacanth-sodium alginate active coatings incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and lysozyme on the quality of large yellow croaker at superchilling condition. Frontiers in Nutrition 8: 812741. 10.3389/fnut.2021.812741
Peng, S., Kun, W., Fuyou, Y., Lunzhao, Y., Liping, S., and Hui, L., 2023. Gelatin/sodium alginate multilayer composite film crosslinked with green tea extract for active food packaging application. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 662: 131013. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131013
Péter, B., Szekacs, I., and Horvath, R., 2024. Label-free biomolecular and cellular methods in small molecule epigallocatechin-gallate research. Heliyon 10(3): e25603. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25603
Ponnusamy, A., Niluswan, K., Prodpran, T., Kim, J.T., Rhim, J.-W., and Benjakul, S., 2024. Storage stability of Asian seabass oil-in-water pickering emulsion packed in pouches made from electrospun and solvent casted bilayer films from poly lactic acid/chitosan-gelatin blend containing epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 265: 130760. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130760
Raghunath, S., Budaraju, S., Gharibzahedi, S.M.T., Koubaa, M., Roohinejad, S., and Mallikarjunan, K., 2023. Processing technologies for the extraction of value-added bioactive compounds from tea. Food Engineering Reviews 15(2): 276–308. 10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2
Rangaraj, Vengatesan M., Rambabu, K., Banat, F., and Mittal, V., 2021. Natural antioxidants-based edible active food packaging: an overview of current advancements. Food Bioscience 43: 101251. 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101251
Read, F.A., Mohammed Razeeth Shait, M., Mohammed, K., Mohammad, Mario, S., Torki, A.Z., and Shams, T., 2023. Comparative efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate and its nano-formulation in prostate cancer 3D spheroids model. Journal of King Saud University–Science 35(4): 102627. 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102627
Rizwan, A., Mohammed, A., Aljawharah, A., Ebtihal, A., Fatema, A., Ahmed, M., Heba, S., 2023. The effect of natural antioxidants, pH, and green solvents upon catechins stability during ultrasonic extraction from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 94: 106337. 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106337
Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Gao, X., Xiong, G., and Liang, J., 2019a. Effect of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose edible coating with epigallocatechin gallate on quality and shelf life of fresh pork. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 141: 178–184. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.247
Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Gao, X., Xiong, G., and Liang, J., 2019b. Preparation and antioxidant activity of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose edible films with epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 134: 1038–1044. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.143
Shaojie, T., Jiarui, H., Xiangnan, Y., Ziyu, S., Liheng, G., Jing, G., and Lu, W., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate-loaded pH-responsive dressing with effective antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties for wound healing. Materials & Design 227: 111701. 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111701
Shaukat, H., Ali, A., Zhang, Y., Ahmad, A., Riaz, S., Khan, A., Qin, H., 2023. Tea polyphenols: extraction techniques and its potency as a nutraceutical. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7: 1175893. 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1175893
Siblini, H., Al-Hendy, A., Segars, J., González, F., Taylor, H. S., Singh, B., et al. 2023. Assessing the hepatic safety of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in reproductive-aged women. Nutrients 15(2): 320. 10.3390/nu15020320
Singh, K., Srichairatanakool, S., Chewonarin, T., Brennan, C.S., Brennan, M.A., Klangpetch, W., and Utama-ang, N., 2022. Manipulation of the phenolic quality of Assam green tea through thermal regulation and utilization of microwave and ultrasonic extraction techniques. Horticulturae 8(4): 338. 10.3390/horticulturae8040338
Siriphap, A., Kiddee, A., Duangjai, A., Yosboonruang, A., Pook-In, G., Saokaew, S., Rawangkan, A., 2022. Antimicrobial activity of the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae. Antibiotics, 11(4): 518. 10.3390/antibiotics11040518
Song, G., Lin, S., Wu, Y., Shen, J., Wu, J., Zhu, W., Wang, S., 2023. Emulsifier free fish gelatin based films with excellent antioxidative and antibacterial activity: preparation, characterization and application in coating preservation of fish fillets. Journal of Food Engineering 343: 111362. 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111362
Song, Z., Na, M., Yue, L., Shangwei, C., and Yongmei, X., 2021. Antioxidant activities of lipophilic (−)-epigallocatechin gallate derivatives in vitro and in lipid-based food systems. Food Bioscience 42: 101055. 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101055
Sugisawa, A., and Umegaki, K., 2002. Physiological concentrations of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) prevent chromosomal damage induced by reactive oxygen species in WIL2-NS cells. Journal of Nutrition 132(7): 1836–1839. 10.1093/jn/132.7.1836
Sun, M.-F., Jiang, C.-L., Kong, Y.-S., Luo, J.-L., Yin, P., and Guo, G.-Y., 2022. Recent advances in analytical methods for determination of polyphenols in tea: a comprehensive review. Foods 11(10): 1425. 10.3390/foods11101425
Sun, J., Jiang, H., Li, M., Lu, Y., Du, Y., Tong, C., Wu, C., 2020. Preparation and characterization of multifunctional konjac glucomannan/carboxymethyl chitosan biocomposite films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate. Food Hydrocolloids 105: 105756. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105756
Talib, W.H., Awajan, D., Alqudah, A., Alsawwaf, R., Althunibat, R., Abu AlRoos, M., . . . Al Kury, L.T., 2024. Targeting cancer hallmarks with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): mechanistic basis and therapeutic targets. Molecules, 29(6): 1373. 10.3390/molecules29061373
Tavassoli, M., Khezerlou, A., Bangar, S. P., Bakhshizadeh, M., Haghi, P. B., Moghaddam, T. N., and Ehsani, A., 2023a. Functionality developments of Pickering emulsion in food packaging: Principles, applications, and future perspectives. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 132, 171–187. 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.007
Tavassoli, M., Khezerlou, A., Firoozy, S., Ehsani, A., and Punia Bangar, S., 2023b. Chitosan-based film incorporated with anthocyanins of red poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of shrimp freshness. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 58(6): 3050–3057. 10.1111/ijfs.16432
Vuong, Q.V., Golding, J.B., Nguyen, M., and Roach, P.D., 2010. Extraction and isolation of catechins from tea. Journal of Separation Science 33(21): 3415–3428. 10.1002/jssc.201000438
Wang, L., Lin, L., Guo, Y., Long, J., Mu, R.-J., and Pang, J., 2020. Enhanced functional properties of nanocomposite film incorporated with EGCG-loaded dialdehyde glucomannan/gelatin matrix for food packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 108: 105863. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105863
Wang, X., Xie, Y., Ge, H., Chen, L., Wang, J., Zhang, S., Feng, X., 2018. Physical properties and antioxidant capacity of chitosan/epigallocatechin-3-gallate films reinforced with nano-bacterial cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers. 179: 207–220. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.087
Wangli, D., Lin, Z., Saiqi, G., Wenjie, W., Zheng, X., Xuxia, Z., and Yuting, D., 2022. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films incorporating epigallocatechin gallate: microstructure, physicochemical, and bioactive properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 211: 729–740. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.226
Wei, H., Mingchun, W., Zisheng, H., Xue-Ling, G., Jia-Ping, K., Mengting, Z., Liang, Z., 2024. Revealing the variances in color formation and bioactivities of seven catechin monomers throughout the enzymatic reaction by colorimetric and mass spectrometry. Food Research International 184: 114266. 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114266
Włodarczyk, M., Ciebiera, M., Nowicka, G., Łoziński, T., Ali, M., and Al-Hendy, A., 2024. Epigallocatechin Gallate for the treatment of benign and malignant gynecological diseases—focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Nutrients 16(4): 559. 10.3390/nu16040559
Woo Yong, P., Gahee, S., Ja Yeon, P., Se Jin, J., Seokwoo, K., Kwang Seok, A., Jae-Young, U., 2024. Epigallocatechin gallate protects against fat and muscle atrophy in B16BL6 melanoma-bearing mice on a high-fat diet. Life Sciences 348: 122677. 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122677
Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Lv, J., Jiao, H., Liu, J., Feng, W., Li, X., 2023. Preparation and characterization of egg white protein film incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and its application on pork preservation. Food Chemistry: X 19: 100791. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100791
Xu, W., Chen, W., Wang, Q., McClements, D.J., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Liu, F., 2023. Physicochemical and preservative properties of tyrosinase-crosslinked sodium caseinate-EGCG-carboxymethyl chitosan composite packaging: Comparison of blended and layer-by-layer films. Food Bioscience 54: 102831. 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102831
Xu, H., Huang, Y., He, K., Lin, Z., McClements, D. J., Hu, Y., Chen, L., 2024a. An effective preserving strategy for strawberries by constructing pectin/starch coatings reinforced with functionalized eggshell fillers. Food Chemistry 450: 139314. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139314
Xu, Z., Pei, J., Mei, J., Yu, H., Chu, S., and Xie, J., 2024b. Effect of gum tragacanth–sodium alginate coatings incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate on the quality and shelf life of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) during superchilling storage. Food Quality and Safety 8: fyad039. 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad039
Yang, H.-J., Lee, J.-H., Won, M., and Song, K. B., 2016. Antioxidant activities of distiller dried grains with solubles as protein films containing tea extracts and their application in the packaging of pork meat. Food Chemistry 196: 174–179. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.020
Yanyan, W., Ning, D., Shiting, W., Xintong, W., Ximing, H., and Alin, X., 2023. The mechanism study of enhanced antioxidant capacity: intermolecular hydrogen bonds between epigallocatechin gallate and theanine in tea. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (LWT) 189: 115523. 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115523
Yin, Y., and Woo, M.W., 2024. Transitioning of petroleum-based plastic food packaging to sustainable bio-based alternatives. Sustainable Food Technology. 2(3), 548–566. 10.1039/D4FB00028E
Yong, H., Wang, Z., Huang, J., and Liu, J., 2024. Preparation, characterization and application of antioxidant packaging films based on chitosan-epicatechin gallate conjugates with different substitution degrees. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 260: 129568. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129568
Yong, H., Xu, F., Yun, D., Hu, H., and Liu, J., 2022. Antioxidant packaging films developed by in-situ cross-linking chitosan with dialdehyde starch-catechin conjugates. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 222: 3203–3214. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.093
Yue, W., Yuemeng, W., Jianhao, L., Han, J., Jiahan, L., Wenhui, F., Xin, L., 2023. Preparation and characterization of egg white protein film incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and its application on pork preservation. Food Chemistry: X, 19: 100791. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100791
Zeng, J., Hao, J., Yang, Z., Ma, C., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Li, J., 2023. Anti-allergic effect of dietary polyphenols curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate via anti-degranulation in IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cell model: a lipidomics perspective. Metabolites 13(5): 628. 10.3390/metabo13050628
Zhang, S., Mao, B., Cui, S., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Tang, X., and Chen, W., 2023a. Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 64(19): 6546–6566. 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170972
Zhang, Q., Pan, J., Liu, H., and Jiao, Z., 2023b. Characterization of the synergistic antioxidant activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and kaempferol. Molecules 28(13): 5265. 10.3390/molecules28135265
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ma, R., Sun, W., and Ji, Z., 2023c. Antibacterial Activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) against Shigella flexneri. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6): 4676. 10.3390/ijerph20064676
Zhao, W., Liang, X., Wang, X., Wang, S., Wang, L., and Jiang, Y., 2022. Chitosan based film reinforced with EGCG loaded melanin-like nanocomposite (EGCG@MNPs) for active food packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers 290: 119471. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119471
Zhuang, Y., Quan, W., Wang, X., Cheng, Y., and Jiao, Y., 2024. Comprehensive review of EGCG modification: esterification methods and their impacts on biological activities. Foods 13(8): 1232. 10.3390/foods13081232
Zinellu, A., Sotgia, S., Scanu, B., Forteschi, M., Giordo, R., Cossu, A., Pintus, G.J.P.O., 2015. Human serum albumin increases the stability of green tea catechins in aqueous physiological conditions. PLoS One 10(7): e0134690. 10.1371/journal.pone.0134690
Al Yammahi, J., Rambabu, K., Thanigaivelan, A., Bharath, G., Hasan, S.W., Show, P.L., and Banat, F., 2023. Advances of non-conventional green technologies for phyto-saccharides extraction: current status and future perspectives. Phytochemistry Reviews 22(4): 1067–1088. 10.1007/s11101-022-09831-2
Arokia Vijaya Anand, M., Sivakumar Allur, S., Young-Min, K., Sukjin, S., and Sung Jae, K., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate protects the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in tenocytes. Process Biochemistry 130: 105–115. 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.030
Arunachalasivamani, P., Krisana, N., Thummanoon, P., Jun Tae, K., Jong-Whan, R., and Soottawat, B., 2024. Storage stability of Asian seabass oil-in-water pickering emulsion packed in pouches made from electrospun and solvent casted bilayer films from polylactic acid/chitosan-gelatin blend containing epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 265(1): 130760. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130760
Athirojthanakij, W., and Rashidinejad, A., 2024. Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery. Food Science & Nutrition 12(7): 5121–5130. 10.1002/fsn3.4161
Bakhshizadeh, M., Ayaseh, A., Hamishehkar, H., Samadi Kafil, H., Niknazar Moghaddam, T., Baghban Haghi, P., Lorenzo, J. M., 2023a. Multifunctional performance of packaging system based on gelatin/alove vera gel film containing of rosemary essential oil and common poppy anthocyanins. Food Control 154: 110017. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.110017
Bakhshizadeh, M., Moghaddam, T.N., Tavassoli, M., Ayaseh, A., and Bangar, S.P., 2023b. Gelatin/chitosan nanofibres containing β-cyclodextrin complex and corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) for intelligent packaging. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 58(5): 2360–2368. 10.1111/ijfs.16369
Bertram, B., Bollow, U., Rajaee-Behbahani, N., Bürkle, A., and Schmezer, P., 2003. Induction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes after treatment with (−)-epigallocatechin-gallate. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 534(1): 77–84. 10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00245-0
Buatong, J., Mittal, A., Mittraparp-arthorn, P., Palamae, S., Saetang, J., and Benjakul, S., 2023. Bactericidal action of shrimp shell chitooligosaccharide conjugated with epigallocatechin gallate (COS-EGCG) against Listeria monocytogenes. Foods 12(3): 634. 10.3390/foods12030634
Calderón-Oliver, M., and Ponce-Alquicira, E., 2021. Environmentally friendly techniques and their comparison in the extraction of natural antioxidants from green tea, rosemary, clove, and oregano. Molecules, 26(7): 1869. 10.3390/molecules26071869
Cao, J., Wang, Q., Ma, T., Bao, K., Yu, X., Duan, Z., Li, C., 2020. Effect of EGCG-gelatin biofilm on the quality and microbial composition of tilapia fillets during chilled storage. Food Chemistry 305(1): 125454. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125454
Chenyu, Q., Guangyang, L., Yi, P., Kexin, Y., Qiyue, T., Yaowei, Z., Donghui, X., 2023. A comprehensive review of nano-delivery system for tea polyphenols: construction, applications, and challenges. Food Chemistry: X 17: 100571. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100571
Chimento, A., D’Amico, M., De Luca, A., Conforti, F.L., Pezzi, V., and De Amicis, F., 2023. Resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin for cancer therapy: challenges from their pro-apoptotic properties. Life 13(2): 261. 10.3390/life13020261
Dai, W., Yan, C., Ding, Y., Wang, W., Gu, S., Xu, Z., Ding, Y., 2022a. Effect of a chitosan coating incorporating epigallocatechin gallate on the quality and shelf life of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets during chilled storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 219: 1272–1283. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.180
Dai, W., Zhou, L., Gu, S., Wang, W., Xu, Z., Zhou, X., and Ding, Y., 2022b. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films incorporating epigallocatechin gallate: microstructure, physicochemical, and bioactive properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 211: 729–740. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.226
Ding, S.-B., Chu, X.-L., Jin, Y.-X., Jiang, J.-J., Zhao, X., and Yu, M., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates high-fat diet-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by targeting mitochondrial ROS-mediated ferroptosis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1148814. 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148814
Domínguez, R., Barba, F.J., Gómez, B., Putnik, P., Bursać Kovačević, D., Pateiro, M., Lorenzo, J.M., 2018. Active packaging films with natural antioxidants to be used in meat industry: a review. Food Research International 113: 93–101. 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.073
Dong, L., Jiao, Q., Gao, J., Luo, X., Song, Y., Li, T., Luo, Z., 2023. Effects of Zein-Lecithin-EGCG nanoparticle coatings on postharvest quality and shelf life of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (LWT) 182(1): 114918. 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114918
Dube, A., Nicolazzo, J.A., and Larson, I., 2011. Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the plasma exposure of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in mice through an enhancement in intestinal stability. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 44(3): 422–426. 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.09.004
Feng, M., Yu, L., Zhu, P., Zhou, X., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Chen, P., 2018. Development and preparation of active starch films carrying tea polyphenol. Carbohydrate Polymers 196(15): 162–167. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.043
Fu, X., Chang, X., Xu, S., Xu, H., Ge, S., Xie, Y., Ding, S., 2024. Development of a chitosan/pectin-based multi-active food packaging with both UV and microbial defense functions for effectively preserving of strawberry. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 254(2): 127968. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127968
Furukawa, A., Oikawa, S., Murata, M., Hiraku, Y., and Kawanishi, S., 2003. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate causes oxidative damage to isolated and cellular DNA. Biochemical Pharmacology 66(9): 1769–1778. 10.1016/S0006-2952(03)00541-0
Fuyun, J., Huihui, L., Chuyan, W., Na, G., Yizhong, S., Shuizhong, L., Zhi, Z., 2024. Remodeling the structure of soy protein fibrils to hydrogels for co-encapsulation of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin: role of EGCG. Food Hydrocolloids 147(B): 109439. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109439
Gan, R.-Y., Li, H.-B., Sui, Z.-Q., and Corke, H., 2018. Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): an updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58(6): 924–941. 10.1080/10408398.2016.1231168
Ghoreishi, S.M., and Heidari, E., 2013. Extraction of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea via supercritical fluid technology: neural network modeling and response surface optimization. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 74: 128–136. 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.009
Goudarzi, J., Moshtaghi, H., and Shahbazi, Y., 2023. Kappa-carrageenan-poly (vinyl alcohol) electrospun fiber mats encapsulated with Prunus domestica anthocyanins and epigallocatechin gallate to monitor the freshness and enhance the shelf-life quality of minced beef meat. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 35: 101017. 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.101017
Granja, A., Frias, I., Neves, A.R., Pinheiro, M., and Reis, S., 2017. Therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin gallate nanodelivery systems. BioMed Research International, 2017(1), p.5813793. 10.1155/2017/5813793
Hu, G., Luo, F., Han, J., Li, J., Zhou, C., Yang, C., . . . Hu, Y., 2023. EGCG/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes integrated into PCL/Chitosan oligosaccharide nanofiber membranes developed by ELS for fruit packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 144: 108992. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108992
Huang, X., Hong, M., Wang, L., Meng, Q., Ke, Q., and Kou, X., 2023. Bioadhesive and antibacterial edible coating of EGCG-grafted pectin for improving the quality of grapes during storage. Food Hydrocolloids 136(Part A): 108255. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108255
Huimin, Y., Zeyu, W., Jinbao, H., and Jun, L., 2024. Preparation, characterization and application of antioxidant packaging films based on chitosan-epicatechin gallate conjugates with different substitution degrees. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 260(Part 2): 129568. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129568
Isbrucker, R.A., Bausch, J., Edwards, J.A., and Wolz, E., 2006. Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. Part 1: genotoxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44(5): 626–635. 10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.005
James, A., Wang, K., and Wang, Y., 2023. Therapeutic activity of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate on metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: the current updates. Nutrients, 15(13): 3022. 10.3390/nu15133022
Jiachen, S., Shengjie, D., Jianying, L., and Hui, Z., 2022. A comprehensive review on the effects of green tea and its components on the immune function. Food Science and Human Wellness 11(5): 1143–1155. 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.008
Kargozari, M., Hamedi, H., Amir Amirnia, S., Montazeri, A., and Abbaszadeh, S., 2018. Effect of bioactive edible coating based on sodium alginate and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil on the quality of refrigerated chicken fillet.
Kciuk, M., Alam, M., Ali, N., Rashid, S., Głowacka, P., Sundaraj, R., Kontek, R., 2023. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapeutic potential in cancer: mechanism of action and clinical implications. Molecules, 28(13): 5246. 10.3390/molecules28135246
Khezerlou, A., Alizadeh Sani, M., Tavassoli, M., Abedi-Firoozjah, R., Ehsani, A., and McClements, D.J., 2023a. Halochromic (pH-responsive) indicators based on natural anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness/spoilage. Journal of Composites Science 7(4): 143. 10.3390/jcs7040143
Khezerlou, A., Tavassoli, M., Alizadeh Sani, M., Ehsani, A., and McClements, D.J., 2023b. Smart packaging for food spoilage assessment based on Hibiscus sabdariffa L. anthocyanin-loaded chitosan films. Journal of Composites Science 7(10): 404. 10.3390/jcs7100404
Koina, I.M., Sarigiannis, Y., and Hapeshi, E., 2023. Green extraction techniques for the determination of active ingredients in tea: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. Separations, 10(2): 121. 10.3390/separations10020121
Köksoy, H., and Ragbetli, C., 2024. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) oil on various pathogens. [Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) ve Yeşil Çay (Camellia Sinensis) Yağının Çeşitli Patojenler Üzerinde İn Vitro Antimikrobiyal Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi]. Genel Tıp Dergisi 34(1): 38–42. 10.54005/geneltip.1333115
Krupkova, O., Ferguson, S.J., and Wuertz-Kozak, K., 2016. Stability of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and its activity in liquid formulations and delivery systems. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 37: 1–12. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.002
Legeay, S., Rodier, M., Fillon, L., Faure, S., and Clere, N., 2015. Epigallocatechin gallate: a review of its beneficial properties to prevent metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 7(7): 5443–5468. 10.3390/nu7075230
Li, D., Cao, D., Cui, Y., Sun, Y., Jiang, J., and Cao, X., 2023. The potential of epigallocatechin gallate in the chemoprevention and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14: 1201085. 10.3389/fphar.2023.1201085
Liang, J., Yan, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Gao, X., Puligundla, P., and Wan, X., 2017a. Encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate in zein/chitosan nanoparticles for controlled applications in food systems. Food Chemistry 231: 19–24. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.106
Liang, J., Yan, H., Zhang, J., Dai, W., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., Puligundla, P., 2017b. Preparation and characterization of antioxidant edible chitosan films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate nanocapsules. Carbohydrate Polymers 171: 300–306. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.081
Lima, R. P., A. S. B. de Sousa, P. Abeli, R. M. Beaudry and S. d. M. Silva., 2022. Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetables. Food Control 142: 109270. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109270
Liu, Z., Ran, Q., Li, Q., Yang, T., Dai, Y., Zhang, T., Long, L., 2023. Interaction between major catechins and umami amino acids in green tea based on electronic tongue technology. Journal of Food Science 88(6): 2339–2352. 10.1111/1750-3841.16543
Long, L.H., Clement, M.V., and Halliwell, B., 2000. Artifacts in cell culture: rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide on addition of (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-catechin, and quercetin to commonly used cell culture media. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 273(1): 50–53. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2895
Lun Su, Y., Leung, L.K., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z.-Y., 2003. Stability of tea theaflavins and catechins. Food Chemistry 83(2): 189–195. 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00062-1
Mao, S., Ren, Y., Wei, C., Chen, S., Ye, X., and Jinhu, T., 2023. Development of novel EGCG/Fe loaded sodium alginate-based packaging films with antibacterial and slow-release properties. Food Hydrocolloids 145: 109032. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.109032
Mengmeng, Z., Jingbo, L., Yu, G., Bing, Z., Meng-Lei, X., and Ting, Z., 2024. Se site targeted-two circles antioxidant in GPx4–like catalytic peroxide degradation by polyphenols (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and genistein using SERS. Food Chemistry: X 22: 101387. 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101387
Mimoto, J., Kiura, K., Matsuo, K., Yoshino, T., Takata, I., Ueoka, H., Harada, M.J.C., 2000. (–)-Epigallocatechin gallate can prevent cisplatin-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 21(5): 915–919. 10.1093/carcin/21.5.915
Mittal, A., Singh, A., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., Nilsuwan, K., Huda, N., and de la Caba, K., 2021. Composite films based on chitosan and epigallocatechin gallate grafted chitosan: characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Food Hydrocolloids 111: 106384. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106384
Moreno-Vásquez, M.J., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., Sánchez-Valdes, S., Tanori-Córdova, J.C., Castillo-Yañez, F.J., Quintero-Reyes, I.E., and Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z., 2021. Characterization of epigallocatechin-gallate-grafted chitosan nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Polymers 13(9): 1375. 10.3390/polym13091375
Nilsuwan, K., Benjakul, S., Prodpran, T., and de la Caba, K., 2019a. Fish gelatin monolayer and bilayer films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate: Properties and their use as pouches for storage of chicken skin oil. Food Hydrocolloids 89: 783–791. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.056
Nilsuwan, K., Guerrero, P., de la Caba, K., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T., 2019b. Properties of fish gelatin films containing epigallocatechin gallate fabricated by thermo-compression molding. Food Hydrocolloids 97: 105236. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105236
Nilsuwan, K., Guerrero, P., de la Caba, K., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T., 2020. Properties and application of bilayer films based on poly(lactic acid) and fish gelatin containing epigallocatechin gallate fabricated by thermo-compression molding. Food Hydrocolloids 105: 105792. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105792
Ntamo, Y., Jack, B., Ziqubu, K., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S.E., Nkambule, B.B., Nyambuya, T.M., Mabhida, S.E., Hanser, S., Orlando, P., Tiano L., and Dludla P.V., 2024. Epigallocatechin gallate as a nutraceutical to potentially target the metabolic syndrome: novel insights into therapeutic effects beyond its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 64(1): 87-109. 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104805
Oliveira, M.R.d., Nabavi, S.F., Daglia, M., Rastrelli, L., and Nabavi, S.M., 2016. Epigallocatechin gallate and mitochondria—a story of life and death. Pharmacological Research 104: 70–85. 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.027
Oroian, M., and Escriche, I., 2015. Antioxidants: characterization, natural sources, extraction and analysis. Food Research International 74: 10–36. 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.018
Papuc, C., Goran, G.V., Predescu, C.N., Nicorescu, V., and Stefan, G., 2017. Plant polyphenols as antioxidant and antibacterial agents for shelf-life extension of meat and meat products: classification, structures, sources, and action mechanisms. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 16(6): 1243–1268. 10.1111/1541-4337.12298
Pasrija, D., and Anandharamakrishnan, C., 2015. Techniques for extraction of green tea polyphenols: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 8(5): 935–950. 10.1007/s11947-015-1479-y
Paweł, B., Dariusz, T.M., Tomasz, K., Magdalena, C.-K., Ludwika, P., Emil, K., Tomasz, G., 2023. Tea-break with epigallocatechin gallate derivatives—powerful polyphenols of great potential for medicine. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 261: 115820. 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115820
Pei, J., Mei, J., Yu, H., Qiu, W., and Xie, J., 2022. Effect of gum tragacanth-sodium alginate active coatings incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and lysozyme on the quality of large yellow croaker at superchilling condition. Frontiers in Nutrition 8: 812741. 10.3389/fnut.2021.812741
Peng, S., Kun, W., Fuyou, Y., Lunzhao, Y., Liping, S., and Hui, L., 2023. Gelatin/sodium alginate multilayer composite film crosslinked with green tea extract for active food packaging application. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 662: 131013. 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131013
Péter, B., Szekacs, I., and Horvath, R., 2024. Label-free biomolecular and cellular methods in small molecule epigallocatechin-gallate research. Heliyon 10(3): e25603. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25603
Ponnusamy, A., Niluswan, K., Prodpran, T., Kim, J.T., Rhim, J.-W., and Benjakul, S., 2024. Storage stability of Asian seabass oil-in-water pickering emulsion packed in pouches made from electrospun and solvent casted bilayer films from poly lactic acid/chitosan-gelatin blend containing epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 265: 130760. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130760
Raghunath, S., Budaraju, S., Gharibzahedi, S.M.T., Koubaa, M., Roohinejad, S., and Mallikarjunan, K., 2023. Processing technologies for the extraction of value-added bioactive compounds from tea. Food Engineering Reviews 15(2): 276–308. 10.1007/s12393-023-09338-2
Rangaraj, Vengatesan M., Rambabu, K., Banat, F., and Mittal, V., 2021. Natural antioxidants-based edible active food packaging: an overview of current advancements. Food Bioscience 43: 101251. 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101251
Read, F.A., Mohammed Razeeth Shait, M., Mohammed, K., Mohammad, Mario, S., Torki, A.Z., and Shams, T., 2023. Comparative efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate and its nano-formulation in prostate cancer 3D spheroids model. Journal of King Saud University–Science 35(4): 102627. 10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102627
Rizwan, A., Mohammed, A., Aljawharah, A., Ebtihal, A., Fatema, A., Ahmed, M., Heba, S., 2023. The effect of natural antioxidants, pH, and green solvents upon catechins stability during ultrasonic extraction from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 94: 106337. 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106337
Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Gao, X., Xiong, G., and Liang, J., 2019a. Effect of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose edible coating with epigallocatechin gallate on quality and shelf life of fresh pork. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 141: 178–184. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.247
Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, Y., Gao, X., Xiong, G., and Liang, J., 2019b. Preparation and antioxidant activity of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose edible films with epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 134: 1038–1044. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.143
Shaojie, T., Jiarui, H., Xiangnan, Y., Ziyu, S., Liheng, G., Jing, G., and Lu, W., 2023. Epigallocatechin gallate-loaded pH-responsive dressing with effective antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties for wound healing. Materials & Design 227: 111701. 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.111701
Shaukat, H., Ali, A., Zhang, Y., Ahmad, A., Riaz, S., Khan, A., Qin, H., 2023. Tea polyphenols: extraction techniques and its potency as a nutraceutical. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7: 1175893. 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1175893
Siblini, H., Al-Hendy, A., Segars, J., González, F., Taylor, H. S., Singh, B., et al. 2023. Assessing the hepatic safety of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in reproductive-aged women. Nutrients 15(2): 320. 10.3390/nu15020320
Singh, K., Srichairatanakool, S., Chewonarin, T., Brennan, C.S., Brennan, M.A., Klangpetch, W., and Utama-ang, N., 2022. Manipulation of the phenolic quality of Assam green tea through thermal regulation and utilization of microwave and ultrasonic extraction techniques. Horticulturae 8(4): 338. 10.3390/horticulturae8040338
Siriphap, A., Kiddee, A., Duangjai, A., Yosboonruang, A., Pook-In, G., Saokaew, S., Rawangkan, A., 2022. Antimicrobial activity of the green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant vibrio cholerae. Antibiotics, 11(4): 518. 10.3390/antibiotics11040518
Song, G., Lin, S., Wu, Y., Shen, J., Wu, J., Zhu, W., Wang, S., 2023. Emulsifier free fish gelatin based films with excellent antioxidative and antibacterial activity: preparation, characterization and application in coating preservation of fish fillets. Journal of Food Engineering 343: 111362. 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111362
Song, Z., Na, M., Yue, L., Shangwei, C., and Yongmei, X., 2021. Antioxidant activities of lipophilic (−)-epigallocatechin gallate derivatives in vitro and in lipid-based food systems. Food Bioscience 42: 101055. 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101055
Sugisawa, A., and Umegaki, K., 2002. Physiological concentrations of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) prevent chromosomal damage induced by reactive oxygen species in WIL2-NS cells. Journal of Nutrition 132(7): 1836–1839. 10.1093/jn/132.7.1836
Sun, M.-F., Jiang, C.-L., Kong, Y.-S., Luo, J.-L., Yin, P., and Guo, G.-Y., 2022. Recent advances in analytical methods for determination of polyphenols in tea: a comprehensive review. Foods 11(10): 1425. 10.3390/foods11101425
Sun, J., Jiang, H., Li, M., Lu, Y., Du, Y., Tong, C., Wu, C., 2020. Preparation and characterization of multifunctional konjac glucomannan/carboxymethyl chitosan biocomposite films incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate. Food Hydrocolloids 105: 105756. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105756
Talib, W.H., Awajan, D., Alqudah, A., Alsawwaf, R., Althunibat, R., Abu AlRoos, M., . . . Al Kury, L.T., 2024. Targeting cancer hallmarks with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): mechanistic basis and therapeutic targets. Molecules, 29(6): 1373. 10.3390/molecules29061373
Tavassoli, M., Khezerlou, A., Bangar, S. P., Bakhshizadeh, M., Haghi, P. B., Moghaddam, T. N., and Ehsani, A., 2023a. Functionality developments of Pickering emulsion in food packaging: Principles, applications, and future perspectives. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 132, 171–187. 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.01.007
Tavassoli, M., Khezerlou, A., Firoozy, S., Ehsani, A., and Punia Bangar, S., 2023b. Chitosan-based film incorporated with anthocyanins of red poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) as a colorimetric sensor for the detection of shrimp freshness. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 58(6): 3050–3057. 10.1111/ijfs.16432
Vuong, Q.V., Golding, J.B., Nguyen, M., and Roach, P.D., 2010. Extraction and isolation of catechins from tea. Journal of Separation Science 33(21): 3415–3428. 10.1002/jssc.201000438
Wang, L., Lin, L., Guo, Y., Long, J., Mu, R.-J., and Pang, J., 2020. Enhanced functional properties of nanocomposite film incorporated with EGCG-loaded dialdehyde glucomannan/gelatin matrix for food packaging. Food Hydrocolloids 108: 105863. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105863
Wang, X., Xie, Y., Ge, H., Chen, L., Wang, J., Zhang, S., Feng, X., 2018. Physical properties and antioxidant capacity of chitosan/epigallocatechin-3-gallate films reinforced with nano-bacterial cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers. 179: 207–220. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.087
Wangli, D., Lin, Z., Saiqi, G., Wenjie, W., Zheng, X., Xuxia, Z., and Yuting, D., 2022. Preparation and characterization of chitosan films incorporating epigallocatechin gallate: microstructure, physicochemical, and bioactive properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 211: 729–740. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.226
Wei, H., Mingchun, W., Zisheng, H., Xue-Ling, G., Jia-Ping, K., Mengting, Z., Liang, Z., 2024. Revealing the variances in color formation and bioactivities of seven catechin monomers throughout the enzymatic reaction by colorimetric and mass spectrometry. Food Research International 184: 114266. 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114266
Włodarczyk, M., Ciebiera, M., Nowicka, G., Łoziński, T., Ali, M., and Al-Hendy, A., 2024. Epigallocatechin Gallate for the treatment of benign and malignant gynecological diseases—focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Nutrients 16(4): 559. 10.3390/nu16040559
Woo Yong, P., Gahee, S., Ja Yeon, P., Se Jin, J., Seokwoo, K., Kwang Seok, A., Jae-Young, U., 2024. Epigallocatechin gallate protects against fat and muscle atrophy in B16BL6 melanoma-bearing mice on a high-fat diet. Life Sciences 348: 122677. 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122677
Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Lv, J., Jiao, H., Liu, J., Feng, W., Li, X., 2023. Preparation and characterization of egg white protein film incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and its application on pork preservation. Food Chemistry: X 19: 100791. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100791
Xu, W., Chen, W., Wang, Q., McClements, D.J., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Liu, F., 2023. Physicochemical and preservative properties of tyrosinase-crosslinked sodium caseinate-EGCG-carboxymethyl chitosan composite packaging: Comparison of blended and layer-by-layer films. Food Bioscience 54: 102831. 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102831
Xu, H., Huang, Y., He, K., Lin, Z., McClements, D. J., Hu, Y., Chen, L., 2024a. An effective preserving strategy for strawberries by constructing pectin/starch coatings reinforced with functionalized eggshell fillers. Food Chemistry 450: 139314. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139314
Xu, Z., Pei, J., Mei, J., Yu, H., Chu, S., and Xie, J., 2024b. Effect of gum tragacanth–sodium alginate coatings incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate on the quality and shelf life of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) during superchilling storage. Food Quality and Safety 8: fyad039. 10.1093/fqsafe/fyad039
Yang, H.-J., Lee, J.-H., Won, M., and Song, K. B., 2016. Antioxidant activities of distiller dried grains with solubles as protein films containing tea extracts and their application in the packaging of pork meat. Food Chemistry 196: 174–179. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.020
Yanyan, W., Ning, D., Shiting, W., Xintong, W., Ximing, H., and Alin, X., 2023. The mechanism study of enhanced antioxidant capacity: intermolecular hydrogen bonds between epigallocatechin gallate and theanine in tea. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie (LWT) 189: 115523. 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115523
Yin, Y., and Woo, M.W., 2024. Transitioning of petroleum-based plastic food packaging to sustainable bio-based alternatives. Sustainable Food Technology. 2(3), 548–566. 10.1039/D4FB00028E
Yong, H., Wang, Z., Huang, J., and Liu, J., 2024. Preparation, characterization and application of antioxidant packaging films based on chitosan-epicatechin gallate conjugates with different substitution degrees. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 260: 129568. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129568
Yong, H., Xu, F., Yun, D., Hu, H., and Liu, J., 2022. Antioxidant packaging films developed by in-situ cross-linking chitosan with dialdehyde starch-catechin conjugates. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 222: 3203–3214. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.093
Yue, W., Yuemeng, W., Jianhao, L., Han, J., Jiahan, L., Wenhui, F., Xin, L., 2023. Preparation and characterization of egg white protein film incorporated with epigallocatechin gallate and its application on pork preservation. Food Chemistry: X, 19: 100791. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100791
Zeng, J., Hao, J., Yang, Z., Ma, C., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Li, J., 2023. Anti-allergic effect of dietary polyphenols curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate via anti-degranulation in IgE/antigen-stimulated mast cell model: a lipidomics perspective. Metabolites 13(5): 628. 10.3390/metabo13050628
Zhang, S., Mao, B., Cui, S., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Tang, X., and Chen, W., 2023a. Absorption, metabolism, bioactivity, and biotransformation of epigallocatechin gallate. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 64(19): 6546–6566. 10.1080/10408398.2023.2170972
Zhang, Q., Pan, J., Liu, H., and Jiao, Z., 2023b. Characterization of the synergistic antioxidant activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and kaempferol. Molecules 28(13): 5265. 10.3390/molecules28135265
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ma, R., Sun, W., and Ji, Z., 2023c. Antibacterial Activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) against Shigella flexneri. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6): 4676. 10.3390/ijerph20064676
Zhao, W., Liang, X., Wang, X., Wang, S., Wang, L., and Jiang, Y., 2022. Chitosan based film reinforced with EGCG loaded melanin-like nanocomposite (EGCG@MNPs) for active food packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers 290: 119471. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119471
Zhuang, Y., Quan, W., Wang, X., Cheng, Y., and Jiao, Y., 2024. Comprehensive review of EGCG modification: esterification methods and their impacts on biological activities. Foods 13(8): 1232. 10.3390/foods13081232
Zinellu, A., Sotgia, S., Scanu, B., Forteschi, M., Giordo, R., Cossu, A., Pintus, G.J.P.O., 2015. Human serum albumin increases the stability of green tea catechins in aqueous physiological conditions. PLoS One 10(7): e0134690. 10.1371/journal.pone.0134690
Article Sidebar
Published
Jul 1, 2025
Article Details
Section
Review Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
