Technological aspects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii applications in fermented alcoholic beverages A review
Main Article Content
Keywords
Probiotic yeast; fermented foods; fermented beverages
Abstract
This review examines the technological basis underlying the applications of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the development of innovative products, considering current trends in its use as described in previously published papers, with a focus on fermented alcoholic beverages. The ability of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii to maintain viability and improve sensory and functional attributes has been demonstrated in craft beers, wines, and meads by providing adequate alcohol content and presence of bioactive compounds such as phenolics and antioxidants in final products. As a first review on the use of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii in fermented alcoholic beverages, this study highlights the innovations and challenges associated with the technological applications of this probiotic yeast. Future studies are needed to optimize the fermentation process, describe the effects on sensory properties, and characterize the probiotic functionality of S. cerevisiae var. boulardii, aiming at expanding its applications in the food industry.
References
Auesukaree, C., 2017. Molecular mechanisms of the yeast adaptive response and tolerance to stresses encountered during ethanol fermentation. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 124: 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.009
Ávila, C.R.H., Gamboa, R.G., Urrea, J.J.T.C. and Cayuela, T.G., 2024. Exploring the potential of probiotic-enriched beer: Microorganisms, fermentation strategies, sensory attributes, and health implications. Food Research International 175: 113717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113717
Andrade, V.T. and Castro, R.J.S., 2023. Fermented grain-based beverages as probiotic vehicles and their potential antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 53: 102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102873
Banwo, K., Olojede, A., Titilayo, A., Dahunsi, A., Verma, D., Thakur, M., et al. 2021. Functional importance of bioactive compounds of foods with potential health benefits: A review on recent trends. Food Bioscience 43: 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101320
Bastos, G.A., Paulo, E.M. and Chiaradia, A.C.N., 2014. Acceptability of potentially probiotic cereal bars. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 17: 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1590/bjft.2014.012
Brasil, 2018. Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada - RDC nº 241, de 26 de Julho de 2018. Dispõe sobre os requisitos para comprovação da segurança e dos benefícios à saúde dos probióticos para uso em alimentos. Diário Oficial da União, nº 144, 27 de julho de 2018.
Canonico, L., Zannini, E., Ciani, M. and Comitini, F., 2021. Assessment of non-conventional yeasts with potential probiotic for protein-fortified craft beer production. LWT – Food Science and Technology 145: 111361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111361
Capece, A., Romaniello, R., Pietrafesa, A., Siesto, G., Pietrafesa, R., Zambuto, M., et al. 2018. Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in co-fermentations with S. cerevisiae for the production of craft beers with potential healthy value-added. International Journal of Food Microbiology 284: 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.028
Carrau, F., Gaggero, C.G. and Aguilar, P.S., 2015. Yeast diversity and native vigor for flavor phenotypes. Trends in Biotechnology 33: 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.009
Cerezo, J., Molina, A.T., Vicent, A.C., Colomer, L.P., Martí, M. and Aroca, A.S., 2023. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic rosé wines made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii probiotic yeast. Archives of Microbiology 205(5): 201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-023-03534-8
Cerezo, J.M., Redón, A.B. and Aroca, A.S., 2019. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii: Valuable probiotic starter for craft beer production. Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 9: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163250
Chan, M.Z., Lu, Y. and Liu, S.Q., 2016. In vitro bioactivities of coffee brews fermented with the probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I745. Food Research International 149: 110693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110693
Chan, M.Z., Toh, M. and Liu, S.Q., 2021. Growth, survival, and metabolic activities of probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM-I745 in fermented coffee brews. International Journal of Food Microbiology 350: 109229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109229
Chan, M.Z. and Liu, S.Q., 2022. Fortifying foods with synbiotic and postbiotic preparations of the probiotic yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii. Current Opinion in Food Science 43: 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.12.009
Cielecka, J., Dziedziński, M., Szczepaniak, O., Kobus-Cisowska, J., Telichowska, A. and Szymanowska, D., 2020. Survival of commercial probiotic strains and their effect on dark chocolate symbiotic snack with raspberry content during storage and after simulated digestion. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 48: 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.09.005
Cubillos, F.A., Gibson, B., Grijalva-Vallejos, N., Krogerus, K. and Nikulin, J., 2019. Bioprospecting for brewers: Exploiting natural diversity for naturally diverse beers. Yeast 36: 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/yea.3380
Costa, G.M., De Paula, M.M., Costa, G.N., Esmerino, E.A., Silva, R., De Freitas, M.Q., et al. 2020. Preferred attribute elicitation methodology compared to conventional descriptive analysis: A study using probiotic yogurt sweetened with xylitol and added with prebiotic components. Journal of Sensory Studies 35(6): e12602. https://doi.org/10.1111/joss.12602
Cruz, M.F., Rocha, R.S., Silva, R. Freitas, M.Q., Pimentel, T.C., Esmerino, E.A., et al. 2021. Probiotic fermented milks: Children’s emotional responses using a product-specific emoji list. Food Research International 143: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110269
Diaz, A.B., Guerrero, E.D., Valiente, S., Castro, R. and Lasanta, C., 2023. Development and characterization of probiotic beers with Saccharomyces boulardii as an alternative to conventional brewer’s yeast. Foods 12: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12152912
Domingos, M.M., Werneck, H.T., Sant’Ana, M.R. and José, J.F.B.S., 2025. Saccharomyces boulardii as a promising microorganism for the development of probiotic beverages: An overview. Food Reviews International 41(5): 1592–1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2025.2450269
Fu, J., Liu, J., Wen, X. Zhang, G., Cai, J., Qiao, Z., et al. 2023. Unique probiotic properties and bioactive metabolites of Saccharomyces boulardii. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 15: 967–982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-022-09953-1
Goktas, H., Dikmen, H., Bekiroglu, H., Cebi, N., Derti, E. and Sagdic, O., 2022. Characteristics of functional ice cream produced with probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. LWT – Food Science and Technology 153: 112489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112489
González-Salitre, L. Cortés, U.A.B., Serrano, G.M.R., López, E.C., Cobas, A.C. and Olivares, L.G.G., 2023. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters during the manufacturing of a beer-type fermented beverage using selenized Saccharomyces boulardii. Heliyon 9: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21190
Grand View Research, 2019. Global Probiotic Drink Market Size & Outlook, 2019–2027. Grand View Research. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/probiotics-market. Accessed 15 January 2025.
Gutiérrez-Nava, M.A., Jaén-Echeverría, E., Acevedo-Sandoval, O.A. and Román-Gutiérrez, A.D., 2024. Fermentation of barley wort with Saccharomyces boulardii to generate a beverage with probiotic potential. Future Foods 9: 100373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100373
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G.R., Merenstein, D.J., Pot, B., et al. 2014. Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the probiotic term. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 11: 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66
Iglesias, A., Pascoal, A., Choupina, A.B., Carvalho, C.A., Feás, X. and Estevinho, L.M., 2014. Developments in the fermentation process and quality improvement strategies for mead production. Molecules 19: 12577–12590. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190812577
Iorizzo, M., Coppola, F., Letizia, F., Testa, B. and Sorrentino, E., 2021. Role of yeasts in the brewing process: Tradition and innovation. Process 9: 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050839
Khatri, I., Tomar, R., Ganesan, K., Prasad, G.S. and Subramanian, S., 2017. Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Science Reports 7: 37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00414-2
Koirala, S. and Anal, A.K., 2021. Probiotics-based foods and beverages as future foods and their overall safety and regulatory claims. Future Foods 3: 100013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100013
Kumar, R., Sem, S. and Shiva, C.K., 2024. Alcoholic fermentation process of biomass. Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment 1: 783–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-93940-9.00061-X
Lazo-Vélez, M.A., Serna-Saldívar, S.O., Rosales-Medina, M.F., Tinoco-Alvear, M. and Briones-García, M., 2018. Application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in food processing: A review. Journal of Applied Microbiology 125: 943–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14037
Mahyar, A., Ayazi, P., Pashaei, H., Arad, B., Oveisi, S. and Esmaeili, S., 2021. The effect of the yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on acute diarrhea in children. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 12: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5812/compreped.117391
Manshin, D., Meledinaa, T.V., Britvina, T., Davydenko, S.G., Shelekhova, N.V., Andreeva, V., et al. 2022. Comparison of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and top-fermenting brewing yeast strains during the fermentation of model nutrient media and beer wort. Agronomy Research 20: 625–636. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.22.066
Mehaya, F.M., El-Shazly, A.I., El-Dein, A.N. and Farid, M.A., 2023. Evaluation of nutritional and physicochemical characteristics of soy yogurt by Lactobacillus plantarum KU985432 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCMI-745. Scientific Reports 13: 13026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40207-4
Mendoza, B.I.M., Lovillo, A.P., Luna, H.E.R. and Fernández, G., 2023. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of yeasts fermented passion fruit and soursop pulps: A focus on bioactive volatile compounds profile. Food Bioscience 56: 103112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103112
Mete, R., Shield, A., Murray, K., Bacon, R. and Kellett, J., 2019. What is healthy eating? A qualitative exploration. Public Health Nutrition 22: 2408–2418. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019001046
Moré, M.I. and Swidsinski, A., 2015. Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 supports regeneration of the intestinal microbiota after diarrheic dysbiosis—A review. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology 8: 237–255. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S85574
Neffe-Skocińska, K., Rzepkowska, A., Szydłowska, A. and Kołozyn-Krajewska, D., 2018. Trends and possibilities of the use of probiotics in food production. In: Holban, A.M., Grumezescu, A.M., editors. Handbook of food bioengineering. Alternative and replacement foods. Cambridge: Elsevier. pp. 65–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811446-9.00003-4
Offei, B., Vandecruys, P., Graeve, S., Moreno, M.R.F. and Thevelein, J.M., 2019. Unique genetic basis of the distinct antibiotic potency of high acetic acid production in the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Genome Research 29: 1478–1494. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.243147.118
Pais, P., Almeida, V., Yılmaz, M. and Teixeira, M.C., 2020. Saccharomyces boulardii: What makes it tick as successful probiotic? Journal of Fungi 6: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6020078
Pandey, K.R., Naik, S.R. and Vakil, B.V., 2015. Probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics—A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 52: 7577–7587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1
Passos, F.R., Maestre, K.L., Silva, B.F., Rodrigues, A.C., Triques, C.C., Garcia, H.A., et al. 2021. Production of a symbiotic composed of galacto-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces boulardii using enzymatic-fermentative method. Food Chemistry 353: 129486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129486
Patelski, A.M., Dziekońska-Kubczak, U. and Ditrych, M., 2024. The fermentation of orange and black currant juices by the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Applied Sciences 14: 3009. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073009
Paula, B.P., Chavéz, D.W., Lemos Junior, W.J.F., Guerra, A.F., Corrêa, M.F.D., Pereira, K.S., et al. 2019. Growth parameters and survivability of Saccharomyces boulardii for probiotic alcoholic beverages development. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02092
Paula, B.P., Lago, H.S., Firmino, L., Lemos, W.J.F., Corrêa, M.F.D., Guerra, A.F., et al. 2021. Technological features of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii for potential probiotic wheat beer development. LWT – Food Science and Technology 135: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110233
Prestianni, R., Matraxia, M., Naselli, V., Pirrone, A., Badalamenti, N., Ingrassia, M., et al. 2022. Use of sequentially inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora uvarum strains isolated from honey by-products to improve and stabilize the quality of mead produced in Sicily. Food Microbiology 107: 104064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2022.104064
, E.D., Mureșan, V., Coldea, T.E. and Mudura, E., 2024. Unconventional raw materials used in beer and beer-like beverages production: Impact on metabolomics and sensory profile. Food Research International 18: 114203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114203
Ramírez-Cota, G.Y., López-Villegas, E.O., Jiménez-Aparicio, A.R. and Hernández-Sánchez, H., 2021. Modeling the ethanol tolerance of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-745 for its possible use in a functional beer. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 13: 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-020-09680-5
Reitenbach, A.F., Iwassa, I.J. and Barros, B.C.B., 2021. Production of functional beer with the addition of probiotic: Saccharomyces boulardii. Research, Society and Development 10: e5010212211. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12211
Sadegli, A., Ebrahimi, M., Shahryari, S., Kharazmi, M.S. and Jafari, S.M., 2022. Food applications of probiotic yeasts; focusing on their techno-functional, postbiotic and protective capabilities. Trends in Food Science and Technology 128: 278–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.018
Santana, R.V., Santos, D.C., Santana, A.C.A., Oliveira, J.G.F., Almeida, A.B., Lima, T.M., et al. 2020. Quality parameters and sensory profile of clarified “Cerrado” cashew juice supplemented with Sacharomyces boulardii and different sweeteners. LWT – Food Science and Technology 128: 109319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109319.
Santos, D.C., Oliveira Filho, J.G., Andretta, J.R., Silva, F.G. and Egea, M.B., 2023. Challenges in maintaining the probiotic potential in alcoholic beverage development. Food Bioscience 52: 102485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102485
Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Al-Dalali, S., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Ud Din, J., et al. 2019. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of symbiotic yogurt made with probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with inulin. Foods 8: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100468
Sarwar, A., Aziz, T., Al-Dalali, S., Zhang, J., Din, J.U., Chen, C., et al. 2021. Characterization of symbiotic ice cream made with probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 in combination with inulin. LWT – Food Science and Technology 141: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110910
Sen, S. and Mansell, T.J., 2020. Yeasts as probiotics: Mechanisms, outcomes, and future potential. Fungal Genetics and Biology 137: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103333
Senkarcinova, B., Dias, I.A.G., Nespor, J. and Branyik, T., 2019. Probiotic alcohol-free beer made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. LWT – Food Science and Technology 100: 362–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.082.
Shao, Y., Kang, Q., Zhu, J., Zhão, C., Hao, L., Huang, J., et al. 2021. Antioxidant properties and digestion behaviors of polysaccharides from Chinese yam fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii. LWT – Food Science and Technology 154: 112752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112752
Silva, J.M., Barão, C.E., Esmerino, E.A., Cruz, A.G. and Pimentel, T.C., 2021. Prebiotic frozen dessert processed with water-soluble extract of rice byproduct: Vegan and nonvegan consumers perception using preferred attribute elicitation methodology and acceptance. Journal of Food Science 86: 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15566
Silva, L.C., Schmidt G.B., Alves, L.G.O., Oliveira, V.S., Melo, M.R., Stutz, E., et al. 2020. Use of probiotic strains to produce beers by axenic or semi-separated co-culture system. Food and Bioproducts Processing 124: 408–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2020.10.001
Singu, B.D., Bhushette, P.R. and Annapure, U.S., 2020. Thermo-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii coated cornflakes as a potential probiotic vehicle. Food Bioscience 36: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100668
Souza, H.F., Bessa, M.S., Gonçalves, V.D.D.P., Santos, J.V.S., Pinheiro, C., Chagas, E.G.L., et al. 2023a. Growing conditions of Saccharomyces boulardii for the development of potentially probiotic mead: Fermentation kinetics, viable cell counts and bioactive compounds. Food Science and Technology International, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/10820132231162683
Souza, H.F., Carosia, M.F., Pinheiro, C., Carvalho, M.V., Oliveira, C.A.F. and Kamimura, E.S., 2022. On probiotic yeasts in food development: Saccharomyces boulardii, a trend. Food Science and Technology 42: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.92321
Souza, H.F., Monteiro, G.F., Di Próspero Gonçalves, V.D., dos Santos, J.V., de Oliveira, A.C.D., Pereira, K.N., et al. 2023b. Evaluation of sensory acceptance, purchase intention and color parameters of potentially probiotic mead with Saccharomyces boulardii. Food Science and Biotechnology 33: 1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01459-y
Souza, H.F., Bogáz, L.T., Monteiro, G.F., Freire, E.N.S., Pereira, K.N., Carvalho, M.V., et al. 2024a. Water Kefir in co-fermentation with Saccharomyces boulardii for the development of a new probiotic mead. Food Science and Biotechnology 33: 3299–3311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-024-01568-2
Souza, H.F., Freire, E.N.S., Monteiro, G.F., Bogáz, L.T., Teixeira, R.D., Junior, F.V.S., et al. 2024b. Development of potentially probiotic mead from co-fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii and kombucha microorganisms. Fermentation 10: 482. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10090482
Staniszewski, A. and Kordowska-Wiater, M., 2021. Probiotic and potentially probiotic yeasts—characteristics and food application. Foods 10: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061306
Starowicz, M. and Granvogl, M., 2020. An overview of mead production and the physicochemical, toxicological, and sensory characteristics of mead with a special emphasis on flavor. Trends in Food Science and Technology 106: 402–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.006
Swieca, M., Kordowska-Wiater, M., Pytka, M., Gawlik-Dziki, U., Seczyk, L., Zlotek, U., et al. 2019. Nutritional and pro-health quality of lentil and adzuki bean sprouts enriched with probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. LWT – Food Science and Technology 100: 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.081
Terhaag, M.M., Spinosa, W.A. and Prudencio, S.H., 2025a. Probiotic lychee wine fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii: addition influence of yerba mate on physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Journal of Food Science and Technology 62: 976–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-024-06089-8
Terhaag, M.M., Sakai, O.A., Ruiz, F., Garcia, S., Bertusso, F.R. and Prudêncio, S.H., 2025b. The probiotication of a lychee beverage with Saccharomyces boulardii: An alternative to dairy-based probiotic products. Foods 14: 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020156
Wang, R., Sun, J., Lassabliere, B., Yu, B. and Liu, S.Q., 2022a. Green tea fermentation with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299V. LWT – Food Science and Technology 157: 113081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113081
Wang, R., Sun, J., Lassabliere, B., Yu, B. and Liu, S., 2022b. Q. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS based metabolomics and chemometric analyses for green tea fermented with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299V. Current Research in Food Science 5: 471–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.012
Yang, D. and Gao, X., 2021. Research progress on the antioxidant biological activity of beer and strategy for applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology 110: 754–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.048
Yildirim, H.K., 2021. Insights into the role of yeasts in alcoholic beverages. Microbial Biotechnology in Food and Health. 2: 21–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819813-1.00002-5
Zendeboodi, F., Khorshidian, N., Mortazavian, A.M. and Cruz, A.G., 2020. Probiotic: Conceptualization from a new approach. Current Opinion in Food Science 32: 103–123. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2020.03.009
Zendeboodi, F., Gholian, M.M., Khanniri, E., Sohrabvandi, S. and Mortazavian, A.M., 2021. Beer as a vehicle for probiotics. Applied Food Biotechnology 8: 329–337. https://doi.org/10.22037/afb.v8i4.35303
