Effect of supplemental UV-B on yield, seed quality, oil content and fatty acid composition of Brassica campestris L. under natural field conditions
Main Article Content
Keywords
Brassica campestris L., fatty acid profile, oil quality, seed quality, ultraviolet-B, yield
Abstract
Thinning of stratospheric ozone layer had been reported since last fifty years due to emission of chlorofluorocarbons, resulting in an increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of supplemental UV-B (sUV-B) radiation (+7.2 kJ/m2/s) on yield and quality of seeds and oil of two cultivars of mustard, (Brassica campestris) L. cv. Sanjukta and Vardan. Number of pods, harvest index, test weight and oil content decreased due to sUV-B exposure in both cultivars. Seed quality was also reduced under sUV-B in terms of protein, sugar and amino acid contents. Further, quality of oil was deteriorated due to increases in erucic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and ?-6 fatty acid contents and reductions in oleic acid and nervonic acid contents due to sUV-B exposure. Cultivar Vardan showed more negative impact on seed yield due to UV-B stress, whereas quality of seed and oil was more affected in Sanjukta. Results of the present study confirmed the potential loss in yield as well as quality of seeds and oil of mustard under futuristic levels of increase in UV-B radiation.
References
Agrawal, S.B. and Mishra, S., 2009. Effects of supplemental ultraviolet-B and cadmium on growth, antioxidants and yield of Pisum sativumL. Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety 72: 610-618.
Agrawal, S.B., Rathore, D. and Singh, A., 2004. Combined effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation and additional nutrients on two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 10: 99-108.
Agrawal, S.B., Rathore, D. and Singh, A., 2006. Combined effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation and mineral nutrients on growth, biomass accumulation and yield characteristics of two cultivars of Vigna radiata L. Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 50-60.
Albert, K.R., Mikkelsen, T.N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Arndal, M.F. and Michelsen, A., 2010. Ambient UV-B radiation reduces PSII performance and net photosynthesis in high Arctic Salix arctica. Environmental and Experimental Botany 72: 439-447.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M. and Anwar, F., 2009. Physico-chemical attributes of seed oil from drought stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) plants. Grasas Aceites 60: 475-481.
Anwar, F., Zafar, S.N. and Rashid, U., 2006. Characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Grasas Aceites 57: 160-168.
Baldini, M., Giovanardi, R., Tahmasebi-Enferadi, S. and Vannozzi, G.P., 2002. Effects of water regimes on fatty acid accumulation and final fatty acid composition in the oil of standard and high oleic sunflower hybrids. Italian Journal of Agronomy 6: 119-126.
Baux, A., Hebeisen, T. and Pellet, D., 2008. Effects of minimal temperatures on low-linolenic rapeseed oil fatty-acid composition. European Journal of Agronomy 29: 102-107.
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Lognay, G., Drira, N.E. and Attia, H., 2005. Heating effects on some quality characteristics of date seed oil. Food Chemistry 91: 469-476.
Boomiraj, K., Chakkrabarti, B., Aggarwal, P.K., Choudhary, R. and Chander, S., 2010. Assessing the vulnerability of Indian mustard to climate change. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 138: 265-273.
Borg, K., 1975. Physiopathological effects of rapeseed oil: a review. Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplementum 585: 5-13.
Bosac, C., Black, V.J., Roberts, J.A. and Black, C.R., 1998. Impact of ozone on seed yield and quality and seedling vigor in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Physiology 153: 127-134.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1976. Methods of sampling and test for oils and fats. Part III: analysis of gas liquid chromatography. BIS, New Delhi, India.
Castle, F.L.D. and Gooder, R.P., 2010. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid. NebGuide, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extensions, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Chopra, S.L. and Kanwar, J.S., 1991. Analytical agricultural chemistry (4th Ed.). Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India, 421 pp.
Correia, C.M., Areal, E.L.V., Torres-Pereira, M.S. and Torres-Pereira, J.M.G., 1998. Intraspecific variation in sensitivity to ultraviolet-B radiation in maize grown under field conditions. I. Growth and morphological aspects. Field Crops Research 59: 81-89.
Demchik, S.M. and Day, T.A., 1996. Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation of pollen quantity, quality, and seed yield in Brassica rapa(Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 83: 573-579.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Roberts, P.A. and Smith, F., 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28: 350-356.
Dybing, C.D. and Zimmerman, D.C., 1966. Fatty acid accumulation in maturing flaxseeds as influenced by environment. Plant Physiology 41: 1465-1470.
Farman, J.C., Gardiner, B.G. and Shanklin, J.D., 1985. Nature 315: 207-210.
Feldheim, K. and Conner, J.K., 1996. The effects of increased UV-B radiation on growth, pollination success, and lifetime female fitness in two Brassica species. Oecologia 106: 284-297.
Feng, H.Y., Li, S.W., Xue, L.G., An, L.Z. and Wang, X.L., 2007. The interactive effects of elevated UV-B radiation and soil drought on spring wheat. South African Journal of Botany 73: 429-434.
Flagella, Z., Giuliani, M.M., Rotunno, T., Caterina, R. and Di Cairo, A., 2004. Effect of saline water on oil yield and quality of a high oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 267-272.
Gao, W., You, F.Z., Slusser, J.R. and Heisler, G.M., 2003. Impact of enhanced ultraviolet irradiance on cotton growth, development, yield and qualities under field conditions. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 120: 241-248.
Goswami, D., Basu, J.K. and De, S., 2011. Erucic acid production using porcine pancreas lipase: enhancement by mixed surfactants. Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Engineering 16: 327-336.
Green, A.E.S., Cross, K.R. and Smith, L.A., 1980. Improved analytical characterization of ultraviolet skylight. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 31: 59-65.
Grundy S M., 1986. Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for plasma cholesterol lowering. The New England Journal of Medicine 314: 745-748.
Gunstone, F.D., 2004. Rapeseed and canola oil: production, processing, properties and uses. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 222 pp.
Hay, R.K.M. and Walker, A.J., 1989. An introduction to the crop physiology. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
Hedge, D.M., 2005. Oilseed scenario in India – past, present and future with special reference to rapeseed-mustard. In: Winter School on Advances in Rapeseed-Mustard Research Technology for Sustainable Production of Oilseeds, National Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, Bharatpur, 15 December-4 January, 2005, pp. 1-15.
Hidema, J. and Kumagai, T., 2006. Sensitivity of rice to ultraviolet-b radiation. Annals of Botany 97: 933-942.
Hosseinian, R. and Gough, W.A., 2000. Total column ozone variability over Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Great Lake Geographer 7: 55-65.
Kakani, V.G., Reddy, K.R., Zhao, D. and Mohammed, A.R., 2003. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) morphology and anatomy. Annals of Botany 91: 817-826.
Kaushik, N. and Agnihotri, A., 2000. GLC analysis of Indian rapeseed-mustard to study the variability of fatty acid composition. Biochemical Society Transactions 28: 581-583.
Kumagai, T., Hidema, J., Kang, H.S. and Sato, T., 2001. Effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on the growth and yield of two cultivars of Japanese low land rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the field in a cool rice-growing region of Japan. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 83: 201-208.
Kumar, P.R., 1999. Package of practices and contingency plan for enhancing production of rapeseed-mustard in India. National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, India.
Lizana, X.C., Hess, S. and Calderini, D.F., 2009. Crop phenology modifies wheat responses to increased UV-B radiation. Agriculture and Forest. Metrology 149: 1964-1974.
Lohaus, G. and Moellers, C., 2000. Phloem transport of amino acids in two Brassica napus L. genotypes and one B. carinata genotype in relation to their seed protein content. Planta 211: 833-840.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the foliar phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-275.
Mohammed, A.R., Rounds, E.W. and Tarpley, L., 2007. Response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) tillering to sub-ambient levels of ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Sciences 193: 324-335.
Moore, S. and Stein, W.H., 1948. Photometric ninhydrin method for use in the chromatography of amino acid. In: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.D. (eds.) Methods in enzymology, volume 3. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 468 pp.
Mortuza, M.G., 2006. Tocopherol and sterol content of some rapeseed mustard cultivars developed in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9: 1812-1816.
Nesi, N., Delourme, R., Brégeon, M., Falentin, C. and Renard, M., 2008. Genetic and molecular approaches to improve nutritional value of Brassica napus L. seed. Comptes Rendus Biologies331: 763-771.
Rathore, D., Agrawal, S.B. and Singh, A., 2003. Influence of supplemental UV-B radiation and mineral nutrients on biomass, pigments and yield of two cultivars of wheat. International Journal of Biotronics 32: 1-15.
Reggiani, R., Soave, C., Di Fonzo, N., Gentinetta, E. and Salamini, E., 1985. Factors affecting starch and protein content in developing endosperms of high and low protein strains of maize. Genetica Agraria 37: 221-232.
Simpoulos, A.P., 1991. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 438-463.
Singh, S., Kumari, R., Agrawal, M. and Agrawal, S.B., 2011. Growth, yield and tuber quality of Solanum tuberosum L. under supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation at different NPK levels. Plant Biology 13: 508-516.
Tandon, A. and Attri, A.K., 2011. Trends in total ozone column over India 1979-2008. Atmospheric Environment 45: 1648-1654.
Teramura, A.H., 1983. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of crop plants. Physiolgia Plantarum 58: 415-427.
Teramura, A.H., 1990. Implications of stratospheric ozone depletion upon plant production. Horticultural Sciences 25: 1557-1559.
Wang, N., Shi, L., Tian, F., Ning, H., Wu, X., Long, Y. and Meng, J., 2010. Assessment of FAE1 polymorphisms in three Brassica species using EcoTILLING and their association with differences in seed erucic acid contents. BMC Plant Biology 10: 137.
Wilson, M.I. and Greenberg, B.M., 1993. Protection of the D1 Photosystem II reaction center protein from degradation in ultraviolet radiation following adaptation of Brassica napus L. to growth in ultraviolet-B. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 57: 556-563.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2007. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, report no. 50, Geneva, Switzerland, 572 pp.
Xu, K. and Qiu, B.S., 2007. Responses of super high-yield hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu to enhancement of ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Science 172: 139-149.
Yuan, L., Yanqun, Z., Jianjun, C. and Haiyan, C., 2002. Intraspecific responses in crop growth and yield of 20 soybean cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation under field conditions. Field Crop Research 78: 1-8.
Zhang, P., Smith, R., Chapkin, R.S. and McMurray, D.N., 2005. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid modulate murine Th1/Th2 balance toward the Th2 pole by suppression of Th1 development. Journal of Nutrition 135: 1745-1751.
Zheng, Y., Gao, W., Slusser, J.R., Grant, R.H. and Wang, C., 2003. Yield and yield formation of field winter wheat in response to supplemental solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Agriculture and Forest Metrology 120: 279-283.
Zu, Y.Q., Li, Y., Chen, J.J. and Chen, H.Y., 2004. Intraspecific responses in grain quality of 10 wheat cultivars to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 74: 95-100.
Agrawal, S.B., Rathore, D. and Singh, A., 2004. Combined effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation and additional nutrients on two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 10: 99-108.
Agrawal, S.B., Rathore, D. and Singh, A., 2006. Combined effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation and mineral nutrients on growth, biomass accumulation and yield characteristics of two cultivars of Vigna radiata L. Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 50-60.
Albert, K.R., Mikkelsen, T.N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Arndal, M.F. and Michelsen, A., 2010. Ambient UV-B radiation reduces PSII performance and net photosynthesis in high Arctic Salix arctica. Environmental and Experimental Botany 72: 439-447.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M. and Anwar, F., 2009. Physico-chemical attributes of seed oil from drought stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) plants. Grasas Aceites 60: 475-481.
Anwar, F., Zafar, S.N. and Rashid, U., 2006. Characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Grasas Aceites 57: 160-168.
Baldini, M., Giovanardi, R., Tahmasebi-Enferadi, S. and Vannozzi, G.P., 2002. Effects of water regimes on fatty acid accumulation and final fatty acid composition in the oil of standard and high oleic sunflower hybrids. Italian Journal of Agronomy 6: 119-126.
Baux, A., Hebeisen, T. and Pellet, D., 2008. Effects of minimal temperatures on low-linolenic rapeseed oil fatty-acid composition. European Journal of Agronomy 29: 102-107.
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Lognay, G., Drira, N.E. and Attia, H., 2005. Heating effects on some quality characteristics of date seed oil. Food Chemistry 91: 469-476.
Boomiraj, K., Chakkrabarti, B., Aggarwal, P.K., Choudhary, R. and Chander, S., 2010. Assessing the vulnerability of Indian mustard to climate change. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 138: 265-273.
Borg, K., 1975. Physiopathological effects of rapeseed oil: a review. Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplementum 585: 5-13.
Bosac, C., Black, V.J., Roberts, J.A. and Black, C.R., 1998. Impact of ozone on seed yield and quality and seedling vigor in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Physiology 153: 127-134.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1976. Methods of sampling and test for oils and fats. Part III: analysis of gas liquid chromatography. BIS, New Delhi, India.
Castle, F.L.D. and Gooder, R.P., 2010. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid. NebGuide, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extensions, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Chopra, S.L. and Kanwar, J.S., 1991. Analytical agricultural chemistry (4th Ed.). Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, India, 421 pp.
Correia, C.M., Areal, E.L.V., Torres-Pereira, M.S. and Torres-Pereira, J.M.G., 1998. Intraspecific variation in sensitivity to ultraviolet-B radiation in maize grown under field conditions. I. Growth and morphological aspects. Field Crops Research 59: 81-89.
Demchik, S.M. and Day, T.A., 1996. Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation of pollen quantity, quality, and seed yield in Brassica rapa(Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 83: 573-579.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Roberts, P.A. and Smith, F., 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry 28: 350-356.
Dybing, C.D. and Zimmerman, D.C., 1966. Fatty acid accumulation in maturing flaxseeds as influenced by environment. Plant Physiology 41: 1465-1470.
Farman, J.C., Gardiner, B.G. and Shanklin, J.D., 1985. Nature 315: 207-210.
Feldheim, K. and Conner, J.K., 1996. The effects of increased UV-B radiation on growth, pollination success, and lifetime female fitness in two Brassica species. Oecologia 106: 284-297.
Feng, H.Y., Li, S.W., Xue, L.G., An, L.Z. and Wang, X.L., 2007. The interactive effects of elevated UV-B radiation and soil drought on spring wheat. South African Journal of Botany 73: 429-434.
Flagella, Z., Giuliani, M.M., Rotunno, T., Caterina, R. and Di Cairo, A., 2004. Effect of saline water on oil yield and quality of a high oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 267-272.
Gao, W., You, F.Z., Slusser, J.R. and Heisler, G.M., 2003. Impact of enhanced ultraviolet irradiance on cotton growth, development, yield and qualities under field conditions. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 120: 241-248.
Goswami, D., Basu, J.K. and De, S., 2011. Erucic acid production using porcine pancreas lipase: enhancement by mixed surfactants. Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Engineering 16: 327-336.
Green, A.E.S., Cross, K.R. and Smith, L.A., 1980. Improved analytical characterization of ultraviolet skylight. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 31: 59-65.
Grundy S M., 1986. Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for plasma cholesterol lowering. The New England Journal of Medicine 314: 745-748.
Gunstone, F.D., 2004. Rapeseed and canola oil: production, processing, properties and uses. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 222 pp.
Hay, R.K.M. and Walker, A.J., 1989. An introduction to the crop physiology. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, UK.
Hedge, D.M., 2005. Oilseed scenario in India – past, present and future with special reference to rapeseed-mustard. In: Winter School on Advances in Rapeseed-Mustard Research Technology for Sustainable Production of Oilseeds, National Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, Bharatpur, 15 December-4 January, 2005, pp. 1-15.
Hidema, J. and Kumagai, T., 2006. Sensitivity of rice to ultraviolet-b radiation. Annals of Botany 97: 933-942.
Hosseinian, R. and Gough, W.A., 2000. Total column ozone variability over Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Great Lake Geographer 7: 55-65.
Kakani, V.G., Reddy, K.R., Zhao, D. and Mohammed, A.R., 2003. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) morphology and anatomy. Annals of Botany 91: 817-826.
Kaushik, N. and Agnihotri, A., 2000. GLC analysis of Indian rapeseed-mustard to study the variability of fatty acid composition. Biochemical Society Transactions 28: 581-583.
Kumagai, T., Hidema, J., Kang, H.S. and Sato, T., 2001. Effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on the growth and yield of two cultivars of Japanese low land rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the field in a cool rice-growing region of Japan. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 83: 201-208.
Kumar, P.R., 1999. Package of practices and contingency plan for enhancing production of rapeseed-mustard in India. National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Sewar, India.
Lizana, X.C., Hess, S. and Calderini, D.F., 2009. Crop phenology modifies wheat responses to increased UV-B radiation. Agriculture and Forest. Metrology 149: 1964-1974.
Lohaus, G. and Moellers, C., 2000. Phloem transport of amino acids in two Brassica napus L. genotypes and one B. carinata genotype in relation to their seed protein content. Planta 211: 833-840.
Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the foliar phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry 193: 265-275.
Mohammed, A.R., Rounds, E.W. and Tarpley, L., 2007. Response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) tillering to sub-ambient levels of ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Sciences 193: 324-335.
Moore, S. and Stein, W.H., 1948. Photometric ninhydrin method for use in the chromatography of amino acid. In: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.D. (eds.) Methods in enzymology, volume 3. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 468 pp.
Mortuza, M.G., 2006. Tocopherol and sterol content of some rapeseed mustard cultivars developed in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9: 1812-1816.
Nesi, N., Delourme, R., Brégeon, M., Falentin, C. and Renard, M., 2008. Genetic and molecular approaches to improve nutritional value of Brassica napus L. seed. Comptes Rendus Biologies331: 763-771.
Rathore, D., Agrawal, S.B. and Singh, A., 2003. Influence of supplemental UV-B radiation and mineral nutrients on biomass, pigments and yield of two cultivars of wheat. International Journal of Biotronics 32: 1-15.
Reggiani, R., Soave, C., Di Fonzo, N., Gentinetta, E. and Salamini, E., 1985. Factors affecting starch and protein content in developing endosperms of high and low protein strains of maize. Genetica Agraria 37: 221-232.
Simpoulos, A.P., 1991. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54: 438-463.
Singh, S., Kumari, R., Agrawal, M. and Agrawal, S.B., 2011. Growth, yield and tuber quality of Solanum tuberosum L. under supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation at different NPK levels. Plant Biology 13: 508-516.
Tandon, A. and Attri, A.K., 2011. Trends in total ozone column over India 1979-2008. Atmospheric Environment 45: 1648-1654.
Teramura, A.H., 1983. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth and yield of crop plants. Physiolgia Plantarum 58: 415-427.
Teramura, A.H., 1990. Implications of stratospheric ozone depletion upon plant production. Horticultural Sciences 25: 1557-1559.
Wang, N., Shi, L., Tian, F., Ning, H., Wu, X., Long, Y. and Meng, J., 2010. Assessment of FAE1 polymorphisms in three Brassica species using EcoTILLING and their association with differences in seed erucic acid contents. BMC Plant Biology 10: 137.
Wilson, M.I. and Greenberg, B.M., 1993. Protection of the D1 Photosystem II reaction center protein from degradation in ultraviolet radiation following adaptation of Brassica napus L. to growth in ultraviolet-B. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 57: 556-563.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 2007. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, report no. 50, Geneva, Switzerland, 572 pp.
Xu, K. and Qiu, B.S., 2007. Responses of super high-yield hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu to enhancement of ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Science 172: 139-149.
Yuan, L., Yanqun, Z., Jianjun, C. and Haiyan, C., 2002. Intraspecific responses in crop growth and yield of 20 soybean cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation under field conditions. Field Crop Research 78: 1-8.
Zhang, P., Smith, R., Chapkin, R.S. and McMurray, D.N., 2005. Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid modulate murine Th1/Th2 balance toward the Th2 pole by suppression of Th1 development. Journal of Nutrition 135: 1745-1751.
Zheng, Y., Gao, W., Slusser, J.R., Grant, R.H. and Wang, C., 2003. Yield and yield formation of field winter wheat in response to supplemental solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Agriculture and Forest Metrology 120: 279-283.
Zu, Y.Q., Li, Y., Chen, J.J. and Chen, H.Y., 2004. Intraspecific responses in grain quality of 10 wheat cultivars to enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 74: 95-100.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 2, 2015
Article Details
Issue
Section
Research Article
