Verifying the provenance of rice using stable isotope ratio and multi-element analyses: a feasibility study
Main Article Content
Keywords
authenticity, canonical discriminant analysis, geographical origin, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Abstract
Different varieties of rice grown in various countries around the world (Australia, China P.R., France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, USA and Vietnam) were analysed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen and the multi-elemental compositions were assessed as variables for discrimination of the geographical origins of the rice samples. The data were processed by canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) enabling classification according to geographical origin. Fifteen key variables were identified by CDA as providing the maximum discrimination between the rice samples across different rice types and categorised on the basis of broad geographical areas (Asia, Australia, Europe, India and Pakistan, North America and Southeast Asia), enabling 90.7% correct classification for the model generated. This feasibility study demonstrated that the methodology has good potential in identifying the geographical origin for different rice types and useful as a database for the examination of unknown rice samples.
References
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Suzuki, Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ogawa, N. O., Ohkouchi, N. and Korenaga, T., 2008. Geographical origin of polished rice based on multiple element and stable isotope analyses. Food Chemistry 109: 470-475.
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Vlachos, A. and Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 2008. A review of rice authenticity/adulteration methods and results. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48: 553-598.
Waterhouse, J.S., Switsur, V.R., Barker, A.C., Carter, A.H.C. and Robertson I., 2002. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in tree rings: how well do models predict observed values? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201: 421-430.
Williams, D.G., Coltrain, J.B., Lott, M., English, N.B. and Ehleringer, J.R., 2005. Oxygen isotopes in cellulose identify source water for archaeological maize in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 931-939.
Yasui, A. and Shindoh, K., 2000. Determination of the geographic origin of brown-rice with trace-element composition. Bunseki Kagaku 49: 405-410.
Bowen, G., 2011. OIPC for Google Earth. The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Available at: http://wateriso.utah.edu/waterisotopes/pages/data_access/google_earth.html.
Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan R.O.C. (Taiwan), 2008. AG. statistics yearbook 2008. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan R.O.C. (Taiwan), Taipei, Taiwan. Available at: http://eng.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/coa/12268/024.pdf.
Dawson, T.E. and Ehleringer, J.R., 1993. Isotopic enrichment of water in the ‘woody’ tissues of plants: implications for plant water source, water uptake and other studies which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57: 3487-3492.
D’Ilio, S., Alessandrelli, M., Cresti, R., Forte, G. and Caroli, S., 2002. Arsenic content of various types of rice as determined by plasma-based techniques. Microchemical Journal 73: 195-201.
Farquhar, G.D. and Sharkey, T.D., 1982. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33: 317-345.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2002. Web LocClim, local monthly climate estimator. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/sd/locclim/srv/locclim.home.
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2004. International year of rice 2004. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/rice2004/en/world.htm.
Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS), 2011. GIEWS country briefs. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/index.jsp.
Gohil, H.L., Correll, M.J. and Sinclair, T., 2011. Predicting the effects of gas diffusivity on photosynthesis and transpiration of plants grown under hypobaria. Advances in Space Research 47: 49-54.
Herruzo, A.C. and Morote, F., 1996. Regional advantages and economies of size in Spanish rice farming. In: Chataigner J. (ed.). Economie du riz dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c15-2/CI011052.pdf.
Husted, S., Mikkelsen, B.F., Jensen, J. and Nielsen, N.E., 2004. Elemental fingerprint analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistics. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378: 171-182.
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 1995. World rice statistics 1993-94. IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines.
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 2009. Rice knowledge bank. IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. Available at: http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/.
Kawasaki, A., Oda, H. and Hirata, T., 2002. Determination of strontium isotope ratio of brown rice for estimating its provenance. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 48: 635-640.
Kelly, S., Baxter, M., Chapman, S., Rhodes, C., Dennis, J. and Brereton, P., 2002. The application of isotopic and elemental analysis to determine the geographical origin of premium long grain rice. European Food and Research Technology 214: 72-78.
Kelly, S., Heaton, K. and Hoogewerff, J., 2005. Tracing the geographical origin of food: the application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis. Trends in Food Science and Technology 16: 555–567.
Korenaga, T., Musashi, M., Nakashita, R. and Suzuki, Y., 2010. Statistical analysis of rice samples for compositions of multiple light elements (H, C, N, and O) and their stable isotopes. Analytical Sciences 26: 873-878.
Körner, C., Farquhar, G.D. and Roksandic, Z., 1988. A global survey of carbon isotope discrimination in plants from high altitude. Oceologia 74: 623-632.
Liu, J.X., Liao, D.Q., Oane, R., Estenor, L., Yang, X.E., Li, Z.C. and Bennett, J., 2006. Genetic variation in the sensitivity of anther dehiscence to drought stress in rice. Field Crops Research 97: 87-100.
Maclean, J.L., Dawe, D.C., Hardy, B. and Hettel, G.P., 2002. Rice almanac source book for the most important economic activity on earth (3rd Ed.). CABI Publishing, Surrey, UK.
Marshall, J.D., Brooks, J.R. and Lajtha, K., 2007. Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants. In: Michener, R. and Lajtha, K. (eds.) Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Carlton, Australia, pp. 22-60.
Morecroft, M.D. and Woodward, F.I., 1990. Experimental investigations on the environmental determination of ?13C at different altitudes. Journal of Experimental Botany 41: 1303-1308.
Notteghem, J.L., Roux-Cuvelier, M., André, F. and Roumen, E., 1997. Rice diseases in the Camargue (France). In: Chataigner J. (ed.). Maladies du riz en région méditerranéenne et les possibilités d’amélioration de sa résistance. CIHEAM, Montpellier, France. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c15-3/CI011013.pdf.
Parengam, M., Judprason, K., Srianujata, S., Jittinandana, S., Laoharojanaphand, S. and Busamongko, A., 2010. Study of nutrients and toxic minerals in rice and legumes by instruemental neuron activation analysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 23: 340-345.
Russo, S. and Callegarin, A.M., 1997. Rice production and research potential in Italy. In: Chataigner J. (ed.). Activités de recherche sur le riz en climat méditerranéen. CIHEAM, Montpellier, France. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c24-2/CI011095.pdf.
Smith, B.N., Oliver, J. and Mc Millan, C., 1976. Influence of carbon source, oxygen concentration, light intensity, and temperature on 13C/12C ratios in plant tissues. Botanical Gazette 137: 99-104.
Sternberg, L.D.S.L., Anderson, W.T. and Morrison, K., 2003. Separating soil and leaf 18O isotopic signals in plant stem cellulose. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 67: 2561-2566.
Suzuki, Y., Chikaraishi, Y., Ogawa, N. O., Ohkouchi, N. and Korenaga, T., 2008. Geographical origin of polished rice based on multiple element and stable isotope analyses. Food Chemistry 109: 470-475.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2010a. Spain’s 2010/11 grain crop is higher than last year’s drought-afflicted crop, but far below the bumper yields achieved in 2008/09 and 2007/08. USDA, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2010/07/Spain%20Report/.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1997. Usual planting and harvesting dates for U.S. field crops. USDA, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Usual_Planting_and_Harvesting_Dates/uph97.pdf.
Vlachos, A. and Arvanitoyannis, I.S., 2008. A review of rice authenticity/adulteration methods and results. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 48: 553-598.
Waterhouse, J.S., Switsur, V.R., Barker, A.C., Carter, A.H.C. and Robertson I., 2002. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in tree rings: how well do models predict observed values? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 201: 421-430.
Williams, D.G., Coltrain, J.B., Lott, M., English, N.B. and Ehleringer, J.R., 2005. Oxygen isotopes in cellulose identify source water for archaeological maize in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 931-939.
Yasui, A. and Shindoh, K., 2000. Determination of the geographic origin of brown-rice with trace-element composition. Bunseki Kagaku 49: 405-410.
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Sep 11, 2014
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