Food poisoning by clenbuterol in China
Main Article Content
Keywords
clenbuterol, food poisoning, China, history, meat, management
Abstract
Food poisoning events caused by clenbuterol residues have broken out frequently in recent years in China, stimulating great public concern. Although China's clenbuterol problems are not recent, the Chinese Government is now facing unprecedented pressure to tackle the issue, especially as its largest meat processing enterprise, the Shuanghui Group, was found to produce clenbuterol-contaminated food. Recurrence of clenbuterol abuse problems is evidence that the food safety supervision system in China has deficiencies. Here, we introduce China's historical clenbuterol problem, and then discuss the current food safety management system in China. We then make some suggestions towards the management and control of clenbuterol abuse.
References
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Hahnau, S. and Jülicher, B., 1996. Evaluation of commercially available ELISA test kits for the detection of clenbuterol and other ?2-agonists. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 13: 259-274.
Ingalls, C.P., Barnes, W.S. and Smith, S.B., 1996. Interaction between clenbuterol and run training: effects on exercise performance and MLC isoform content. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 795-801.
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Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H., 2009. Clenbuterol and the horse revisited. The Veterinary Journal 182: 384-391.
Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H., Malinowski, K., Struck, M.B. and Abe, T., 2001. Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 2064-2070.
Kuiper, H.A., Noordam, M.Y., Van Dooren-Flipsen, M.M., Schilt, R. and Roos, A.H., 1998. Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists: European Community. Journal of Animal Science 76: 195-207.
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Beekley, M.D., Ideus, J.M., Brechue, W.F., Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H., 2003. Chronic clenbuterol administration alters myosin heavy chain composition in Standardbred mares. The Veterinary Journal 165: 234-239.
Brambilla, G., Loizzo, A., Fontana, L., Strozzi, M., Guarino, A. and Soprano V., 1997. Food poisoning following consumption of clenbuterol-treated veal in Italy. The Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 635.
Brambilla, G., Cenci, T., Franconi, F., Galarini, R., Macr?, A., Rondoni, F., Strozzi, M. and Loizzo, A., 2000. Clinical and pharmacological profile in a clenbuterol epidemic poisoning of contaminated beef meat in Italy. Toxicology Letters 114: 47-53.
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Castle, A. and Yaspelkis, B.B., 2001. Attenuation of insulin resistance by chronic ?2-adrenergic agonist treatment: possible muscle specific contributions. Life Sciences 69: 599-611.
Chen, F., Liu, M. and Li, P., 2011. Difficulty of banning clenbuterol for ten years. Country Agriculture Farmers 4: 32-34.
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Chodorowski, Z. and Sein, A.J., 1997. Acute poisoning with clenbuterol – a case report. Przeglad Lekarski 54: 763-764.
Claeys, M.C., Mulvaney, D.R., McCarthy, F.D., Gore, M.T., Marple, D.N. and Sartin, J.L., 1989. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and growth hormone secretion in young lambs treated with clenbuterol. Journal of Animal Science 67: 2245-2254.
Cristino, A., Ramos, F. and Da Silveira, M.I.N., 2003. Control of the illegal use of clenbuterol in bovine production. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 32: 311-316.
Dalrymple, R.H., Baker, P.K., Gingher, P.E., Ingle, D.L., Pensack, J.M. and Ricks, C.A., 1984. A repartitioning agent to improve performance and carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Science 63: 2376-2383.
Daubert, G.P., Mabasa, V.H., Leung, V.W.Y. and Aaron, C., 2007. Acute clenbuterol overdose resulting in supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Journal of Medical Toxicology 3: 56-60.
Delbeke, F.T., Desmet, N. and Debackere, M., 1995. The abuse of doping agents in competing body builders in Flanders (1988-1993). International Journal of Sports Medicine 16: 66-70.
European Commission (EC), 1988. Directive 88/146/EC. Official Journal of the European Union L70: 16.
European Commission (EC), 1996. Directive 96/22/EC. Official Journal of the European Union L125: 3-9.
European Commission (EC), 2000. Directive 00/60/EC. Official Journal of the European Union L327: 1-73.
European Commission (EC), 2002. Directive 02/178/EC. European Parliament and Council, 2002. Official Journal of the European Union L31: 1-24.
Dumestre-Toulet, V., Cirimele, V., Ludes, B., Gromb, S. and Kintz, P., 2002. Hair analysis of seven bodybuilders for anabolic steroids, ephedrine and clenbuterol. Journal of Forensic Sciences 47: 211-214.
Duncan, N.D., Williams, D.A. and Lynch, G.S., 2000. Deleterious effects of chronic clenbuterol treatment on endurance and sprint exercise performance in rats. Clinical Science 98: 339-347.
Editorial Department, 2011. To see the predicament of Chinese meat processing enterprises from the ‘lean events’. China Food Safety 4: 20-22.
Erichsen, D.F., Aviad, A.D., Schultz, R.H. and Kennedy, T.J., 1994. Clinical efficacy and safety of clenbuterol HCl when administered to effect in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Veterinary Journal 26: 331-336.
Ferraz, G.C., Teixeira-Neto, A.R., D’Angelis, F.H.F., Lacerda-Neto, J.C. and Queiroz-Neto, A., 2007. Effect of acute administration of clenbuterol on athletic performance in horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27: 446-449.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1998. Freedom of information summary of NADA, 140-973. FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/olcbudb.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2002. Illegal compounding of clenbuterol. FDA Veterinarian Newsletter 17: 2. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/FDAVeterinarianNewsletter/ucm110396.htm.
Gaillard, Y., Balland, A., Doucet, F. and Pépin, G., 1997. Detection of illegal clenbuterol use in calves using hair analysis: Application in meat quality control. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 703: 85-95.
Garay, J.B., Jiménez, J., Jiménez, M.L., Sebastian, M.V., Matesanz, J.P., Moreno, P.M. and Galiana, J.R., 1997. Intoxicación por clenbuterol: datos clínicos y analíticos de un brote epidémico en Mostóles, Madrid. Revista Clinica Espanoca 197: 92-95.
Giraud, G. and Halawany, R., 2006. Consumers perception of food traceability in Europe. In: the 98th EAAE Seminar Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System: New Perspectives, 29 June-2 July, 2006, Chania, Crete, Greece, pp. 1-9. Available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/10047/1/sp06gi04.pdf.
Guldner, N.W. and Klapproth, P., 2000. Clenbuterol-supported dynamic training of skeletal muscle ventricles against systemic load: a key for powerful circulatory assist? Circulation 101: 2213-2219.
Hahnau, S. and Jülicher, B., 1996. Evaluation of commercially available ELISA test kits for the detection of clenbuterol and other ?2-agonists. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 13: 259-274.
Ingalls, C.P., Barnes, W.S. and Smith, S.B., 1996. Interaction between clenbuterol and run training: effects on exercise performance and MLC isoform content. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 795-801.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1994. ISO standard 8402:1994. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Jones, W.E., 1998. Clenbuterol approved by FDA. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science (USA) 18: 426-427.
Kallings, P., Ingvast Larsso, C., Persson, S. and Appelgren, L. 1991. Clenbuterol plasma concentrations after repeated oral administration and its effects on cardio-respiratory and blood lactate responses to exercise in healthy Standardbred horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14: 243-249.
Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H., 2002. Clenbuterol diminishes aerobic performance in horses. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34: 1976-1985.
Kearns, C.F. and McKeever, K.H., 2009. Clenbuterol and the horse revisited. The Veterinary Journal 182: 384-391.
Kearns, C.F., McKeever, K.H., Malinowski, K., Struck, M.B. and Abe, T., 2001. Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 2064-2070.
Kuiper, H.A., Noordam, M.Y., Van Dooren-Flipsen, M.M., Schilt, R. and Roos, A.H., 1998. Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists: European Community. Journal of Animal Science 76: 195-207.
Li, P. and Zhang X.J., 2011. Perspective on the Shuanghui ‘lean events’. Outlook Weekly 14: 8-10.
Lust, E.B., Barthold, C., Malesker, M.A. and Wichman, T.O., 2011. Human health hazards of veterinary medications: information for emergency departments. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 40: 198-207.
MacLennan, P.A. and Edwards, R.H., 1989. Effects of clenbuterol and propranolol on muscle mass. Evidence that clenbuterol stimulates muscle beta-adrenoceptors to induce hypertrophy. Biochemical Journal 264: 573-579.
Maistro, S., Chiesa, E., Angeletti, R. and Brambilla, G., 1995. Beta blockers to prevent clenbuterol poisoning. The Lancet 346: 180.
Martinez-Navarro, J.F., 1990. Food poisoning related to consumption of illicit ?-agonist in liver. The Lancet 336:1311.
Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA), 2004. Australia’s system for livestock identification and traceability. MLA, North Sydney, Australia. Available at: http://www.mla.com.au/Meat-safety-and-traceability.
Ministry of Commerce of China, 2006. Report on the food safety in market. Ministry of Commerce of China, Beijing, China P.R. Available at: http://news.foodmate.net/2011/11/193911.html.
Montrade, M.P., Le Bizec, B., Monteau, F., Siliart, B. and Andre, F., 1993. Multi-residue analysis for ?-agonistic drugs in urine of meat-producing animals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 275: 253-268.
Nanseki, T., 2007. A risk management system for agrochemical use: design, development and applications. CD-ROM of the 6th Biennial Conference of European Federation of IT in Agriculture and the World Congress on Computers in Agriculture.
Palmer, J., Shepherd, G.L., Cifelli, A.T., Myles, P.S. and Weeks, A.M., 1992. Muscling in on salbutamol. The Lancet 340: 1407.
Pleadin, J., Vulic, A., Persi, N. and Vahcic, N., 2010. Clenbuterol residues in pig muscle after repeat administration in a growth-promoting dose. Meat Science 86: 733-737.
Posyniak, A., Zmudzki, J. and Niedzielska, J., 2003. Screening procedures for clenbuterol residue determination in bovine urine and liver matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta 483: 61-67.
Pouliot, S. and Sumner, D.A., 2008. Traceability, liability and incentives for food safety and quality. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 90: 11-26.
Pulce, C., Lamaison, D., Keck, G., Bostvironnois, C., Nicolas, J. and Descotes, J., 1991. Collective human food poisonings by clenbuterol residues in veal liver. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 33: 480-481.
Ramos, F., Cristino, A., Carrola, P., Eloy, T., Silva, J.M., Castilho, M.C. and Noronha Da Silveira, M.I., 2003. Clenbuterol food poisoning diagnosis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric serum analysis. Analytica Chimica Acta 483: 207-213.
Ramos, F., Baeta, M.L., Reis, J. and Silveira, M., 2009. Evaluation of the illegal use of clenbuterol in Portuguese cattle farms from drinking water, urine, hair and feed samples. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 26: 814-820.
Ren, D.P., Pan, S.Y., Xue, S.J. and He, H., 2006. The perfection of food safety legal system in China. Food Science 5: 270-275.
Ricks, C.A., Dalrymple, R.H., Baker, P.K. and Ingle, D.L. 1984. Use of a ?-agonist to alter fat and muscle deposition in steers. Journal of Animal Science 59: 1247-1255.
Robinson, N.E., 2000. Clenbuterol and the horse. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 46: 229-233.
Rose, M.D., Shearer, G. and Farrington, W.H.H., 1995. The effect of cooking on veterinary drug residues in food, I: clenbuterol. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A 12: 67-76.
Salleras, L., Dominguez, A., Mata, E., Taberner, J.L., Moro, I. and Salvà, P., 1995. Epidemiologic study of an outbreak of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain. Public Health Reports 110: 338-342.
Sasse, I.I.L. and Hajer, R., 1978. NAB 365, a ?-2 receptor sympathomimetic agent: clinical experience in horses with lung disease. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1: 241-244.
Sauer, M.J., Pickett, R., Limer, S. and Dixon, S.N., 1995. Distribution and elimination of clenbuterol in tissues and fluids of calves following prolonged oral administration at a growth-promoting dose. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 18: 81-86.
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Published
Nov 14, 2014
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