Current context of food safety in Vietnam: a glance at food of animal origin
Main Article Content
Keywords
food safety, Vietnam, pathogens, antimicrobial resistance
Abstract
This is a review of the challenges that are faced by the food safety control and regulatory systems in the Philippines. The components of the national Food Safety Network, namely agriculture and fisheries (fresh produce), the food industry (food manufacturing, distribution and retail outlets), the food service sector (restaurants, caterers, street vendors) and the consumers (household consumption) are described. The corresponding responsible regulatory agencies/bureaus and services and regulatory tools (laws) for each of the components are characterised. The national food safety strategy is being implemented by several government agencies and bureaus and is therefore highly fragmented with plenty of overlap and gaps. This has resulted in more often reactive rather than pre-emptive government response to food borne illness outbreaks and recalls of substandard quality products in the market. A firm declaration of national policy on food safety and the creation of a single authority mandated with a focused integrated and comprehensive plan of action will ensure the delivery of safe food to consumers in the country. An overview of the food safety situation is presented highlighting major problems, and possible solutions are discussed.
References
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Sarter, S., Nguyen, H.N.K., Hung, L.T., Lazard, J. and Montet, D., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from farmed catfish. Food Control 18: 1391-1396.
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Sarter, G. and Sarter, S., 2012. Promoting a culture of food safety to improve hygiene in small restaurants in Madagascar. Food Control 25: 165-171.
Truong, H.T., Hirai, T., Nguyen, T.L. and Yamaguchi, R., 2012. Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology 156: 147-151.
Van, P.T., 2005. Current status of aquatic veterinary drugs usage for usage in aquaculture in Vietnam, Antibiotic resistance in Asian aquaculture environment. In: Proceedings of the Antibiotic Resistance in Asian Aquaculture Environment workshop, February, 24-25, 2005, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Van, T.T.H., James, C., Chapman, T., Tran, L.T. and Coloe, P.J., 2008. Safety of raw meat and shellfish in Vietnam: an analysis ofEscherichia coli isolations for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 124: 217-223.
Van, T.T.H., Moutafis, G., Tran, L.T. and Coloe, P.J., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in food-borne bacterial contaminants in Vietnam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 7906-7911.
Van, T.T.H., Nguyen, H.N.K., Smooker, P.M. and Coloe, P.J., 2012. The antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in South East Asia. International Journal of Food Microbiology 154: 98-106.
Vo, A.T.T., Van Duijkeren, E., Gaastra, W. and Fluit, A.C., 2010. Antimicrobial resistance, class 1 integrons, and genomic island 1 in Salmonella isolates from Vietnam. PLoS ONE 5: e9440.
Defoirdt, T., Boon, N., Sorgeloos, P., Verstraete, W. and Bossier, P., 2007. Alternatives to antibiotics to control bacterial infections: luminescent vibriosis in aquaculture as an example. Trends in Biotechnology 25: 472-479.
Directorate of Standards, Metrology and Quality (STAMEQ), 2007. TCVN/ISO 22000:2007. Food safety management systems – Requirements for any organizations in the food chain. STAMEQ, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://www.tcvn.gov.vn/.
Directorate of Standards, Metrology and Quality, 2008a. TCVN 5603:2008 (CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev.4-2003) Code of practice ? General principles of food hygiene. STAMEQ, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://www.tcvn.gov.vn/.
Directorate of Standards, Metrology and Quality, 2008b. TCVN/ISO/TS22003:2008. Food safety management systems ? Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of food safety management systems. STAMEQ, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://www.tcvn.gov.vn/.
Directorate of Standards, Metrology and Quality, 2008c. TCVN/ISO/TS22004:2008 Food safety management systems – Guidance on the application of TCVN ISO 22000:2007. STAMEQ, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://www.tcvn.gov.vn/.
Directorate of Standards, Metrology and Quality, 2008d. TCVN /ISO 22005:2008 Traceability in the feed and food chain – General principles and basic requirements for system design and implementation. STAMEQ, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://www.tcvn.gov.vn/.
Ellerbroek, L., Narapati, D., Phu Tai, N., Poosaran, N., Pinthong, R., Sirimalaisuwan, A., Tshering, P., Fries, R., Zessin, K.H., Baumann, M. and Schroeter, A., 2010. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from imported chicken carcasses in Bhutan and from pig carcasses in Vietnam. Journal of Food Protection 73: 376-379.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2012. Value chain development and post-harvest loss reduction for smallholder farmers. FAO Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific, March 12-16, 2012, Hanoi, Viet Nam. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/024/mc762e.pdf.
Garin, B., Gouali, M., Wouafo, M., Perchec, A.M., Thu, P.M., Ravaonindrina, N., Urbes, F., Gay, M., Diawara, A., Leclercq, A., Rocourt, J. and Pouillot, R., 2012. Prevalence, quantification and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. on chicken neck-skins at points of slaughter in 5 major cities located on 4 continents. International Journal of Food Microbiology 157: 102-107.
Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C. and Heo, M.S., 2011. Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture 317: 1-15.
Huys, G., Bartie, K., Cnockaert, M., Hoang Oanh, D.T., Phuong, N.T., Somsiri, T., Chinabut, S., Yusoff, F.M., Shariff, M., Giacomini, M., Teale, A. and Swings, J., 2007. Biodiversity of chloramphenicol-resistant mesophilic heterotrophs from Southeast Asian aquaculture environments. Research in Microbiology 158: 228-235.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2005. ISO/IEC 17025:2005. General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M.J. and Gibson, L., 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: the need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 274: 1-14.
Lâm, Q.H., Nguyen, C.K., Nguyen, H.L. and Ta, N.T., 2011. Some epidemiological factors of food poisoning outbreaks in Vietnam during the period of 2002-2010. Journal of Science and Technology 49: 86-92.
Ministry of Justice, 2002. Directive No. 07/2002/CT-TTg. Enhancing the management over the use of antibiotics and chemicals in the production and trading of foodstuffs with animal origins. Ministry of Justice, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://vbpl.vn/.
Ministry of Justice, 2012. Decision 20/QD-TTg. Decision on approval of the national strategy for food safety in the period of 2011-2020 and a vision toward 2030. Ministry of Justice, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://vbpl.vn/.
National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2010. Law 55/2010/QH12. Law on food safety. National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam. Available at: http://vbpl.vn/.
Ogasawara, N., Tran, T.P., Ly, T.L.K., Nguyen, T.T., Iwata, T., Okatani, A.T., Watanabe, M., Taniguchi, T., Hirota, Y. and Hayashidani, H., 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella from domestic animals, food and human in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 70: 1159-1164.
Phan, L.T., Bui, T.M., Nguyen, T.T.T., Gooley, G.J., Ingram, B.A., Nguyen, H.V., Nguyen, P.T. and De Silva, S.S., 2009. Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmusin the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Aquaculture 296: 227-236.
Phuong, N.T., Oanh, D.T.H., Dung, T.T. and Sinh, L.X., 2005. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials use in shrimps and fish farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Antibiotic Resistance in Asian Aquaculture Environments, Chiang May, Thailand. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/qznlwzw.
Powell, D.A., Jacob, C.J. and Chapman, B.J., 2011. Enhancing food safety culture to reduce rates of foodborne illness. Food Control 22: 817-822.
Randrianarivelo, R., Danthu, P., Benoit, C., Ruez, P., Raherimandimby, M. and Sarter, S., 2010. Novel alternative to antibiotics in shrimp hatchery: effects of the essential oil of Cinnamosma fragrans on survival and bacterial concentration of Penaeus monodon larvae. Journal of Applied Microbiology 109: 642-650.
Sakai, M., 1999. Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture 172: 63-92.
Sarter, S., Nguyen, H.N.K., Hung, L.T., Lazard, J. and Montet, D., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from farmed catfish. Food Control 18: 1391-1396.
Sarter, S., Randrianarivelo, R., Ruez, P., Raherimandimby, M. and Danthu, P., 2011. Antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Cinnamosma fragrans on the bacterial communities in the rearing water of Penaeus monodon larvae. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 11: 433-437.
Sarter, G. and Sarter, S., 2012. Promoting a culture of food safety to improve hygiene in small restaurants in Madagascar. Food Control 25: 165-171.
Truong, H.T., Hirai, T., Nguyen, T.L. and Yamaguchi, R., 2012. Antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail pork and chicken meat in North Vietnam. International Journal of Food Microbiology 156: 147-151.
Van, P.T., 2005. Current status of aquatic veterinary drugs usage for usage in aquaculture in Vietnam, Antibiotic resistance in Asian aquaculture environment. In: Proceedings of the Antibiotic Resistance in Asian Aquaculture Environment workshop, February, 24-25, 2005, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Van, T.T.H., James, C., Chapman, T., Tran, L.T. and Coloe, P.J., 2008. Safety of raw meat and shellfish in Vietnam: an analysis ofEscherichia coli isolations for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 124: 217-223.
Van, T.T.H., Moutafis, G., Tran, L.T. and Coloe, P.J., 2007. Antibiotic resistance in food-borne bacterial contaminants in Vietnam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 7906-7911.
Van, T.T.H., Nguyen, H.N.K., Smooker, P.M. and Coloe, P.J., 2012. The antibiotic resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, retail meat and humans in South East Asia. International Journal of Food Microbiology 154: 98-106.
Vo, A.T.T., Van Duijkeren, E., Gaastra, W. and Fluit, A.C., 2010. Antimicrobial resistance, class 1 integrons, and genomic island 1 in Salmonella isolates from Vietnam. PLoS ONE 5: e9440.