Food safety assurance system for fresh produce production in Thailand: a review
Main Article Content
Keywords
good agricultural practices, perceptual map, standards
Abstract
In 2004, the Thai government enacted a food safety policy, ‘from-farm-to-table’, to ensure food safety throughout the food chain. Several food safety assurance systems such as good agricultural practices (GAP) are employed to control and monitor food safety. Nevertheless, a lack of confidence in food safety of products in the domestic market still exists. This study aimed to describe and analyse the current situation of GAP standards implemented in fresh produce production in Thailand. A mixed explorative and descriptive approach was used by reviewing literature and using multidimensional scaling to draw a subjective perceptual map of the relative position of the set of GAP standards adopted in Thailand. Food safety law and regulations were discussed with a comparative analysis of the three kinds of GAP standards applied in Thailand. The subjective perceptual map of the different GAP standards shows that the standards may be positioned with reference to two dimensions: ‘trustworthiness’ and ‘usefulness for the business’. The problem of GAP implementation in Thailand is rooted in a lack of knowledge and understanding of principles and the perception of advantages of GAP adoption among stakeholders. The national GAP of Thailand, Q-GAP, is the most widely adopted standard. However, improvement of credibility of this standard is urgently required.
References
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Canavari, M., Castellini, A. and Spadoni, R., 2010a. Challenges in marketing quality food products. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 22: 203-209.
Canavari, M., Centonze, R., Hingley, M. and Spadoni, R., 2010b. Traceability as part of competitive strategy in the fruit supply chain. British Food Journal 112: 171-186.
Canavari, M. and Spadoni, R., 2004. Performances of ISO9000 certified quality management systems in the agro-food sector: a questionnaire-based study in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto. In: Schiefer, G. and Rickert, U. (eds.) Quality assurance, risk management and environmental control in agriculture and food supply networks. Proceedings of the 82nd Seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists (EAAE), Bonn, Germany, May 14-16, 2003. Universität Bonn-ILB, Bonn, Germany, pp. 71-77.
Canavari, M., Spadoni, R. and Pignatti, E., 2007. Comparison among quality assurance and management schemes regarding the ability to enhance suppliers-retailers relationships in Emilia-Romagna (Italy). In: Theuvsen, L., Spiller, A., Peupert, M. and Jahn, G. (eds.) Quality management in food chains. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 399-412.
Caswell, J.A., 1998. Valuing the benefits and costs of improved food safety and nutrition. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 42: 409-424.
Chuenprayoth, C., 2011. Food safety/quality standard and environmental sustainability for Thai agricultural products – a trade perspective. TSPN Conference, Standards in south-south trade and opportunities for advancing the sustainability agenda, November 30, 2011 – December 1, 2011, Washington DC, USA.
De Jonge, J., Frewer, L., Van Trijp, H., Renes, R.J., De Wit, W. and Timmers, J., 2004. Monitoring consumer confidence in food safety: an exploratory study. British Food Journal 106: 837-849.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2003. Development of a framework for good agricultural practices. FAO, Rome, Italy. (FAO), 2007. A practical manual for producers and exporters from Asia. Regulations, standards and certification for agricultural exports. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Fulponi, L., 2006. Private voluntary standards in the food system: the perspective of major food retailers in OECD countries. Food Policy 31: 1-13.
Gawron, J.-C. and Theuvsen, L., 2006. The international food standard: bureaucratic burden or helpful management instrument in global markets? – empirical results from the German food industry. 98thEAAE seminar Marketing dynamics within the global trading system: new perspectives, Chania, Creete, 29 June-2 July 2006. Available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/10062/1/sp06ga02.pdf.
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Golan, E., Krissoff, B., Kuchler, F. Calvin, L., Nelson, K. and Price, G., 2004. Traceability in the US food supply: economic theory and industry studies. Agricultural Economic Report no. 830. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA, 56 pp.
Grant, J., Wendelboe, A.M., Wendel, A., Jepson, B., Torres, P., Smelse, C. and Rolfs, R.T., 2008. Spinach-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak, Utah and New Mexico, 2006. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 1633-1636.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. and Anderson, R., 2010. Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. Pearson Education, London, UK, 800 pp.
Hammoudi, A., Hoffmann, R. and Surry, S., 2010. Food safety standards and afri-food supply chains: an introductory overview. European Review of Agricultural Economics 36: 469-478.
Hatanaka, M., Bain, C. and Busch, L., 2005. Third-party certification in the global agrifood system. Food Policy 30: 354-369.
Henson, S. and Humphrey, J., 2009. The impacts of private food safety standards on the food chain and on public standard-setting processes. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, thirty-second session, 29 June-4 July 2009. FAO, Rome, Italy, 59 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/organisations/sps/docs/private_standards_codex_en.pdf.
Jahn, G., Schramm, M. and Spiller, A., 2005. The reliability of certification: quality labels as a consumer policy tool. Journal of Consumer Policy 28: 53-73.
Jahn, G. and Spiller, A., 2007. Controversial positions about the QS system in agriculture: an empirical study. In: Theuvsen, L., Spiller, A., Peupert, M. and Jahn, G. (eds.) Quality management in food chains. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 355-367.
Kersting, S. and Wollni, M., 2012. New institutional arrangements and standard adoption: evidence from small-scale fruit and vegetable farmers in Thailand. Food Policy 37: 452-462.
Kleinwechter, U. and Grethe, H., 2006. The adoption of the Eurepgap standard by mango exporters in Piura, Peru. 26th Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists, August 12-18, 2006, Brisbane, Australia. Available at: https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/publication/the-adoption-of-the-eurepgap-standard-by-mango-exporters-in-piura-peru-1.
Kruskal, J.B. and Wish, M., 1978. Multidimensional scaling. Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, USA.
Lippe, R.S., 2010. Determinants of consumer preferences towards and willingness to pay for safety fresh fruits and vegetables in Bangkok and Chiang Mai urban areas. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 208 pp.
Lippe, R.S., Seebens, H. and Isvilanonda, S., 2010. Urban household demand for fresh fruits and vegetables in Thailand. Applied Economics Journal 17: 1-26.
Lombardi, P., Spadoni, R. and Canavari, M., 2011. Impatti dell’adozione del BRC global standard for food safety nelle imprese agroalimentari italiane. Economia Agro-Alimentare 13: 81-106.
Loureiro, M.L. and Umberger, W.J., 2007. A choice experiment model for beef: What US consumer responses tell us about relative preferences for food safety, country-of-origin labeling and traceability. Food Policy 32: 496-514.
Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), 2000. Notification of the Ministry of Public Health no. 193, B.E. 2543. MOPH, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Available at: http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/eng_food/Notification/193-43.pdf.
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodities and Food Standard (ACFS), 2005. Thai agricultural commodity and food standard TACFS 9005-2005 [in Thai]. ACFS, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.acfs.go.th/standard/download/Q_QPremium.pdf.
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodities and Food Standard (ACFS), 2008. Agricultural standards act B.E. 2551. ACFS, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.acfs.go.th/km/download/AGRICULTURAL_STANDARDS_ACT.pdf.
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodities and Food Standard (ACFS), 2011a. Laws and regulations related to agricultural commodity and food standardization [in Thai]. ACFS, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.acfs.go.th/.
National Bureau of Agricultural Commodities and Food Standard (ACFS), 2011b. Strategic plan: standard and safety of agricultural commodity and food 2010-2013 [in Thai]. ACFS, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.acfs.go.th/.
Oates, C., 2006. Annex 9 – Quality and safety of fruits and vegetables in Thailand. In: Esguerra, E.B., Cadilhon, J. and Shepherd, A.W. (eds.) Proceedings of the FAO/AFMA workshop on quality and safety in the traditional horticultural marketing chains of Asia. FAO and AFMA, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-104.
Ouma, S., 2010. Global standards, local realities: private agrifood governance and the restructuring of the Kenyan horticulture industry. Economic Geography 86: 197-222.
Ragona, M., Mazzocchi, M., Zanoli, A., Alldrick, A.J., Solfrizzo, M. and Van Egmond, H.P., 2011. Testing a toolbox for impact assessment of food safety regulations: maximum levels for T-2 and HT-2 toxins in the European Union. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 3: 12-23.
Ritson, C. and Mai, L.W., 1998. The economics of food safety. Nutrition & Food Science 98: 253-259.
Rozan, A., Stenger, A. and Willinger, M., 2004. Willingness-to-pay for food safety: an experimental investigation of quality certification on bidding behaviour. European Review of Agricultural Economics 31: 409-425.
Sardsud, V., 2007. National experiences: Thailand. In: Hoffmann, U. and Vossenaar, R. (eds.) Challenges and opportunities arising from private standards on food safety and environment for exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables in Asia: experiences of Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 53-70.
Sastranont, C., 2007. Strategic planning for implementation of traceability system in fruits and vegetables commodity. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 139 pp.
Schulze, H., Albersmeier, F., Gawron, J.-C., Spiller, A. and Theuvsen, L., 2008. Heterogeneity in the evaluation of quality assurance systems: the international food standard (IFS) in European agribusiness. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 11: 99-139.
Soon, J.-M., 2012. Food safety perceptions and practices of selected UK fresh produce farms. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4: 61-76.
Souza Monteiro, D.M. and Caswell, J.A., 2009. Traceability adoption at the farm level: an empirical analysis of the Portuguese pear industry. Food Policy 34: 94-101.
Sriboonchitta, S., Wiboonpongse, A., Sriwichailamphan, T. and Chaovanapoonphol, Y., 2008. Factors affecting good agricultural practice in pineapple farming in Thailand. Acta Horticulturae 794: 325-334.
Sterns, P.A., Codron, J.-M. and Reardon, T., 2001. Quality and quality assurance in the fresh produce sector: a case study of european retailers. AAEA annual meeting, August 5-8, 2001, Chicago, IL, USA. Available at: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/20494/1/sp01st03.pdf.
Supaphol, S., 2010. Status of food safety and food security in Thailand: ‘Thai’s kitchen to the world’. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture 5: 39-46.
Takeuchi, M.T. and Boonprab, K., 2006. Food safety situations in Thailand with regard to their Thai’s food safety knowledge and behaviors. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 40: 222-228.
ThaiGAP, 2010. ThaiGAP certification process. Board of Trade of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://thaigap.org/filesupload/f20110222180521416328.pdf.
ThaiPost, 2013. ThaiGAP [in Thai]. ThaiPost, Bangkok, Thailand. Available at: http://www.thaipost.net/news/180913/79465.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2005. Country-case studies on reflecting national circumstances and development priorities in national codes on good agricultural practice that can be benchmarked to EurepGAP. UNCTAD, Manila, Philippines. Available at: http://r0.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/meetings/eurepgap/Draft%20Final%20Report%20GAP%20vs%20EGAP.pdf.
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Apr 15, 2014
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