Tropane alkaloids in food: poisoning incidents
Main Article Content
Keywords
contamination, exposure, human, overdose, tropane alkaloids
Abstract
A large number of wild and cultured plants produce secondary metabolites that can be toxic to humans and animals. The present study aims to provide insight into the routes of (un)intentional poisonings of humans by tropane alkaloids. Poisonings of humans by tropane alkaloids occur as unintended ingestions (contamination, mislabelling: thirteen reports; mistaken identity: eleven reports) or intended ingestions (overdoses: nine reports). Contamination of food occurs when toxic plant (parts) are accidentally mixed with edible plants during harvest or processing. Concentrations are usually highest in roots and seeds. Intended ingestions can be the result of consumption for recreational purposes (hallucinogenic effects) or for medical properties (e.g. treatment of arthritis, use as anaesthetic), or homicides and suicides. Carry-over of plant toxins in feed into food products of animal origin does not appear to be a relevant source of exposure. There are several analytical methods available for monitoring tropane alkaloids in food and feed but no regulatory limits have been set. The toxic doses are often not clear due to the lack of analytical data in the cases reported. Human foods that potentially contain tropane alkaloids are herbal teas, herbal preparations, blue-or black berries and edible flowers. Contamination has also been found in beans, buckwheat, soybean and linseed.
References
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Galizia, E., 1983. Clinical curio hallucinations in elderly tea drinkers. British Medical Journal 287: 979.
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Häkkinen, S.T., Moyano, E., Cusidó, R.M., Palazón, J., Pinõl, M.T. and Oksman-Caldentey, K-M., 2005. Enhanced secretion of tropane alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots expressing heterologous hyoscyamine-6b-hydroxylase. Journal of Experimental Botany 56: 2611-2618.
Houghton, P., 2004. UK needs greater expertise in TCM. The Pharmaceutical Journal 273: 125.
Koevoets, P.F. and Van Harten, P.N., 1997. Thorn apple poisoning [in Dutch]. Netherlands Tijdschrift voor de Geneeskunde 141: 888-889.
Koleva, I.I., Van Beek, T.A., Soffers, A.E., Dusemund, B. and Rietjens, I.M., 2011. Alkaloids in the human food chain--natural occurrence and possible adverse effects. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 56: 30-52.
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Lin, C.C. and Chen, J.C., 2002. Medicinal herb Erycibe henri Prain (‘Ting Kung Teng’) resulting in acute cholinergic syndrome. Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 40: 185-187.
Marquardt, H. and Schäfer, S., 2004. Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Germany.
Mateus, L., Chekaoui, S., Christen, P. and Veuthey, J.-L., 1999. Capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection – electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of selected tropane alkaloids in plant extracts. Electrophoresis 20: 3402-3409.
Mateus, L., Chekaoui, S., Christen, P. and Veuthey, J.-L., 2000. Enantioseparation of atropine by capillary electrophoresis using sulphated ?-cyclodextrin: application to a plant extract. Journal of Chromatography A 868: 285-294.
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Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, the Netherlands, 2001. Decree herbal preparations BWBR0012174. [in Dutch: Warenwetbesluit Kruidenpreparaten] Availabe at: http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0012174.
Mroczek, T., Glowniak, K. and Kowalska, J., 2006. Solid-liquid extraction and cation-exchange solid-phase extraction using a mixed-mode polymeric sorbet of Datura and related alkaloids. Journal of Chromatography A 1107: 9-18.
Munoz, O. and Casale, J.F., 2003. Tropane alkaloids from Latua pubiflora. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 58: 626-628.
Namera, A., 2005. Tropane alkaloids. In: Suzuki, O. and Watanabe, K. (eds.). Drugs and poisons in humans, a handbook of practical analysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 509-517.
Namera, A., Yashiki, M., Hirose, Y., Yamaji, S., Tani, T. and Kojima, T., 2002. Quantitative analysis of tropane alkaloids in biological materials by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic science international 130: 34-43.
Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 2013. Herbal tea Jacob Hooy possibly contaminated with poisonous herb. Press release from NVWA [in Dutch]. Available at: http://www.nvwa.nl/actueel/nieuws/nieuwsbericht/2029501/kruidenthee-jacob-hooy-waarschijnlijk-verontreinigd-met-giftig-kruid.
Nikolaou, P., Papoutsis, I., Stefanidou, M., Dona, A., Maravelias, C., Spiliopoulou, C. and Athanaselis, S., 2012. Accidental poisoning after ingestion of ‘aphrodisiac’ berries: diagnosis by analytical toxicology. Journal of Emergency Medicine 42: 662-625.
Oberlies, N.H., Kim, N.-C., Brine, D.R., Collins, B.J., Handy, R.W., Sparacino, C.M., Wani, M.C. and Wall, M.E., 2004. Analysis of herbal teas made from the leaves of comfrey (Symphytum officinale): reduction of N-oxides results in order of magnitude increases in the measurable concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Public Health Nutrition 7: 919-924.
Papoutsis, I., Nikolaou, P., Athanaselis, S., Stefanidou, M., Pistos, C., Spiliopoulou, C. and Maravelias, C., 2010. Mass intoxication with Datura innoxia-case series and confirmation by analytical toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 48: 143-145.
Pereira, C.A.L. and Nishioka, S. de A., 1994. Poisoning by the use of Datura leaves in a homemade toothpaste. Journal of Toxicology – Clinical Toxicology 32: 329-331.
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Jan 28, 2014
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