Application of guar gum-based edible coatings supplemented with spice extracts to extend post-harvest shelf life of lemon (Citrus limon)
Main Article Content
Keywords
shelf life, bioactive compounds, green unripe lemons, micro-nutritional component analysis
Abstract
Guar gum based edible coatings supplemented with condiments’ extracts (methanolic and ethanolic extract of fennel, bay leaf, coriander and nigella seeds) were assayed for lemon for the maintenance of parameters that determine the quality during postharvest life. Rate of change in pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solids were studied during the shelf life of lemons. Results obtained from all the assays were communicated as mean ± standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance and t-test was employed on the studied factors at P?0.05 to study the effect of guar gum containing extracts. The shelf life of ethanolic and methanolic extract of fennel coated lemons was significantly increased up to 24 weeks at 10 °C (85% relative humidity) while all other treatments had 15 weeks of storage stability. Treated lemons showed less changes in physicochemical attributes than both controls (untreated control; UN and treated control; GG). In addition to biochemical parameters, the storage parameters of lemon, such as antioxidant content, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments and total flavonoid content were significantly delayed in treated lemons as compared to controls. Bacterial load was also reduced in treated lemons. Coatings based on guar gum fortified with extracts could be an effective tool to delay ripening process and maintain quality of lemons during cold storage. As the constituents of these coatings are derived from food grade products, these coatings are therefore safe for human consumption and eco-friendly. These coatings not only protect the lemon from the contaminating microbes but also have bactericidal effects on the bacteria that were already present inside the lemon. Moreover, the active component of these coatings, i.e. extracts are derived from culinary spices that are easily available throughout the year
References
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Alikhani, M. and Daraei Garmakhany, A., 2012. Effect of microencapsulated essential oils on storage life and quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa). Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 4: 106-112.
Alikhani-Koupaei, M., 2014. Liposomal and edible coating as control release delivery systems for essential oils: comparison of application on storage life of fresh-cut banana. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 175-185.
Alikhani-Koupaei, M., Mazlumzadeh, M., Sharifani, M. and Adibian, M., 2014. Enhancing stability of essential oils by microencapsulation for preservation of button mushroom during postharvest. Food Science and Nutrition 2: 526-533.
Artés-Hernández, F., Rivera-Cabrera, F. and Kader, A.A., 2007. Quality retention and potential shelf-life of fresh-cut lemons as affected by cut type and temperature. Postharvest Biology and Technology 43: 245-254.
Barros, L., Ferreira, M.-J., Queiros, B., Ferreira, I.C. and Baptista, P., 2007. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, ?-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry 103: 413-419.
Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Marin, F.R., Ortuño, A. and Del Río, J.A., 1997. Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 4505-4515.
Bhumsaidon, A. and Chamchong, M., 2016. Variation of lycopene and beta-carotene contents after harvesting of gac fruit and its prediction. Agriculture and Natural Resources 50: 257-263.
Bisen, A. and Pandey, S., 2016. Effect of post harvest treatment on biochemical composition and organoleptic quality in Kagzi lime fruit during storage. Journal of Horticultural Science 3: 53-56.
Bisen, A., Pandey, S.K. and Patel, N., 2012. Effect of skin coatings on prolonging shelf life of kagzi lime fruits (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Journal of Food Science and Technology 49: 753-759.
Chahal, S. and Bal, J., 2003. Effect of post-harvest treatments and packaging on shelf life of Umran ber at cool temperature. Journal of Research 40: 363-370.
Cheikh-Rouhou, S., Besbes, S., Hentati, B., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C. and Attia, H., 2007. Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chemistry 101: 673-681.
Chiabrando, V. and Giacalone, G., 2014. Effect of essential oils incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating on fresh-cut apple quality during storage. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 251-259.
Côté, F. and Hahn, M.G., 1994. Oligosaccharins: structures and signal transduction. Signals and signal transduction pathways in plants. Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 143-175.
D’Aquino, S., Suming, D., Deng, Z., Gentile, A., Angioni, A., De Pau, L. and Palma, A., 2017. A sequential treatment with sodium hypochlorite and a reduced dose of imazalil heated at 50 °C effectively control decay of individually film-wrapped lemons stored at 20 °C. Postharvest Biology and Technology 124: 75-84.
Das, D.K., Dutta, H. and Mahanta, C.L., 2013. Development of a rice starch-based coating with antioxidant and microbe-barrier properties and study of its effect on tomatoes stored at room temperature. LWT – Food Science and Technology 50: 272-278.
Davis, A.R., Fish, W.W. and Perkins-Veazie, P., 2003. A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. Postharvest Biology and Technology 28: 425-430.
Durner, E.F., 2013. Principles of horticultural physiology. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
El-Anany, A., Hassan, G. and Ali, F.R., 2009. Effects of edible coatings on the shelf-life and quality of Anna apple (Malus Domestica Borkh) during cold storage. Journal of Food Technology 7: 5-11.
Embuscado, M.E. and Huber, K.C., 2009. Edible films and coatings for food applications. Springer, New York, NY, USA.
Eskandari, A., Heidari, M., Daneshvar, M.H. and Taheri, S., 2014. Studying effects of edible coatings of Arabic gum and olive oil on the storage life and maintain quality of postharvest sweet lemon (Citrus limetta). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 7: 207.
Ghosh, A., Dey, K. and Bhowmick, N., 2015. Effect of corn starch coating on storage life and quality of Assam lemon (Citrus lemon burn.). Journal Crop and Weed 11: 101-107.
Gidley, M.J. and Reid, J.G., 2006. Galactomannans and other cell wall storage polysaccharides in seeds. Food Polysaccharides and their Applications: 181-215.
Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Fallah, H., Ksouri, R. and Bakhrouf, A., 2009. Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of tow cultivated mint species (Mentha longifoliaand Mentha pulegium) used in the Tunisian folkloric medicine. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25: 2227-2238.
Han, J., Weng, X. and Bi, K., 2008. Antioxidants from a Chinese medicinal herb – Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Food Chemistry 106: 2-10.
Hassan, Z., Lesmayati, S., Qomariah, R. and Hasbianto, A., 2014. Effects of wax coating applications and storage temperatures on the quality of tangerine citrus (Citrus reticulata) var. Siam Banjar. International Food Research Journal 21(2): 641-648.
Irkin, R., Degirmencioglu, N. and Guldas, M., 2015. Effects of organic acids to prolong the shelf-life and improve the microbial quality of fresh cut broccoli florets. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 737-745.
Javanmardi, J. and Kubota, C., 2006. Variation of lycopene, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and weight loss of tomato during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 41: 151-155.
Jawandha, S., Singh, H., Arora, A. and Singh, J., 2014. Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on storage of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon(L.) Burm). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology 7: 635.
Kader, A.A., 2002. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, 3311. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, St. Davis, CA, USA, 535 pp.
Kays, S.J., 1991. Postharvest physiology and handling of perishable plant products. Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., New York, NY, USA.
Lin, D. and Zhao, Y., 2007. Innovations in the development and application of edible coatings for fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 6: 60-75.
Marlett, J.A. and Vollendorf, N.W., 1994. Dietary fiber content and composition of different forms of fruits. Food Chemistry 51: 39-44.
Marlett, J.A., 1992. Content and composition of dietary fiber in 117 frequently consumed foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 92: 175-186.
Moraes, K.S.d., Fagundes, C., Melo, M.C., Andreani, P. and Monteiro, A.R., 2012. Conservation of Williams pear using edible coating with alginate and carrageenan. Food Science and Technology 32: 679-684.
Nabifarkhani, N., Sharifani, M., Daraei Garmakhany, A., Ganji Moghadam, E. and Shakeri, A., 2015. Effect of nano-composite and thyme oil (Tymus Vulgaris L) coating on fruit quality of sweet cherry (Takdaneh Cv) during storage period. Food Science and Nutrition3(4): 349-354.
Naeem, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018a. Effect of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of guar gum coating containing spice extracts and its application on tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.). Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 12(4): 2725-2734.
Naeem, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018b. Effect of guar gum coatings containing essential oils on shelf life and nutritional quality of green-unripe mangoes during low temperature storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 113: 403-410.
Pasha, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018. Inactivation of food borne pathogens by lipid fractions of culinary condiments and their nutraceutical properties. Microbiology Research 9(1).
Peleg, H., Naim, M., Rouseff, R.L. and Zehavi, U., 1991. Distribution of bound and free phenolic acids in oranges (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruits (Citrus paradisi). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 57: 417-426.
Shamloo, M., Sharifani, M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2013. Alternation of flavonoid compounds in Valencia orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) peel as a function of storage period and edible covers. Minerva Biotecnol25: 191-197.
Shamloo, M., Sharifani, M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2015. Alternation of secondary metabolites and quality attributes in Valencia orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) as influenced by storage period and edible covers. Journal of Food Science and Technology52(4): 1936-1947.
Shan, B., Cai, Y.-Z., Brooks, J. and Corke, H., 2013. Spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives in cheese. Handbook of cheese in health: production, nutrition and medical sciences. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 280pp.
Sharifani, M., Shamloo, M.M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2015. Quality attributes of Valencia orange fruit using different edible covers. Acta Horticulturae 1065: 1529-1532.
Sothornvit, R. and Krochta, J., 2000. Plasticizer effect on oxygen permeability of ?-lactoglobulin films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 6298-6302.
Srivastava, M. and Kapoor, V., 2005. Seed galactomannans: an overview. Chemistry and Biodiversity 2: 295-317.
Taverner, P., Tugwell, B. and Wild, B., 2001. A guide to the common postharvest diseases and disorders of navel oranges and mandarins grown in inland Australia. South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide, Australia.
Taylor, J., Muller, M. and Minnaar, A., 2016. Improved storage and eat-ripe quality of avocados using a plant protein-based coating formulation. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 8: 207-214.
Tiwari, B., Muthukumarappan, K., O’donnell, C. and Cullen, P., 2008. Colour degradation and quality parameters of sonicated orange juice using response surface methodology. LWT – Food Science and Technology 41: 1876-1883.
Uckoo, R.M., Jayaprakasha, G.K. and Patil, B.S., 2015. Phytochemical analysis of organic and conventionally cultivated Meyer lemons (Citrus meyeri Tan.) during refrigerated storage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42: 63-70.
Vieira, Í.G.P., Mendes, F.N.P., Gallão, M.I. and De Brito, E.S., 2007. NMR study of galactomannans from the seeds of mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC). Food Chemistry 101: 70-73.
Waterhouse, A.L., 2002. Determination of total phenolics. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry 6(1): 1.1.1-1.1.8.
Yaman, Ö. and Bayo?nd?rl?, L., 2002. Effects of an edible coating and cold storage on shelf-life and quality of cherries. LWT – Food Science and Technology 35: 146-150.
Yang, L. and Paulson, A., 2000. Effects of lipids on mechanical and moisture barrier properties of edible gellan film. Food Research International 33: 571-578.
Alikhani, M. and Daraei Garmakhany, A., 2012. Effect of microencapsulated essential oils on storage life and quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa cv. Camarosa). Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 4: 106-112.
Alikhani-Koupaei, M., 2014. Liposomal and edible coating as control release delivery systems for essential oils: comparison of application on storage life of fresh-cut banana. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 175-185.
Alikhani-Koupaei, M., Mazlumzadeh, M., Sharifani, M. and Adibian, M., 2014. Enhancing stability of essential oils by microencapsulation for preservation of button mushroom during postharvest. Food Science and Nutrition 2: 526-533.
Artés-Hernández, F., Rivera-Cabrera, F. and Kader, A.A., 2007. Quality retention and potential shelf-life of fresh-cut lemons as affected by cut type and temperature. Postharvest Biology and Technology 43: 245-254.
Barros, L., Ferreira, M.-J., Queiros, B., Ferreira, I.C. and Baptista, P., 2007. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, ?-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry 103: 413-419.
Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Marin, F.R., Ortuño, A. and Del Río, J.A., 1997. Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 4505-4515.
Bhumsaidon, A. and Chamchong, M., 2016. Variation of lycopene and beta-carotene contents after harvesting of gac fruit and its prediction. Agriculture and Natural Resources 50: 257-263.
Bisen, A. and Pandey, S., 2016. Effect of post harvest treatment on biochemical composition and organoleptic quality in Kagzi lime fruit during storage. Journal of Horticultural Science 3: 53-56.
Bisen, A., Pandey, S.K. and Patel, N., 2012. Effect of skin coatings on prolonging shelf life of kagzi lime fruits (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle). Journal of Food Science and Technology 49: 753-759.
Chahal, S. and Bal, J., 2003. Effect of post-harvest treatments and packaging on shelf life of Umran ber at cool temperature. Journal of Research 40: 363-370.
Cheikh-Rouhou, S., Besbes, S., Hentati, B., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C. and Attia, H., 2007. Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chemistry 101: 673-681.
Chiabrando, V. and Giacalone, G., 2014. Effect of essential oils incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating on fresh-cut apple quality during storage. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 251-259.
Côté, F. and Hahn, M.G., 1994. Oligosaccharins: structures and signal transduction. Signals and signal transduction pathways in plants. Springer, New York, NY, USA, pp. 143-175.
D’Aquino, S., Suming, D., Deng, Z., Gentile, A., Angioni, A., De Pau, L. and Palma, A., 2017. A sequential treatment with sodium hypochlorite and a reduced dose of imazalil heated at 50 °C effectively control decay of individually film-wrapped lemons stored at 20 °C. Postharvest Biology and Technology 124: 75-84.
Das, D.K., Dutta, H. and Mahanta, C.L., 2013. Development of a rice starch-based coating with antioxidant and microbe-barrier properties and study of its effect on tomatoes stored at room temperature. LWT – Food Science and Technology 50: 272-278.
Davis, A.R., Fish, W.W. and Perkins-Veazie, P., 2003. A rapid spectrophotometric method for analyzing lycopene content in tomato and tomato products. Postharvest Biology and Technology 28: 425-430.
Durner, E.F., 2013. Principles of horticultural physiology. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
El-Anany, A., Hassan, G. and Ali, F.R., 2009. Effects of edible coatings on the shelf-life and quality of Anna apple (Malus Domestica Borkh) during cold storage. Journal of Food Technology 7: 5-11.
Embuscado, M.E. and Huber, K.C., 2009. Edible films and coatings for food applications. Springer, New York, NY, USA.
Eskandari, A., Heidari, M., Daneshvar, M.H. and Taheri, S., 2014. Studying effects of edible coatings of Arabic gum and olive oil on the storage life and maintain quality of postharvest sweet lemon (Citrus limetta). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 7: 207.
Ghosh, A., Dey, K. and Bhowmick, N., 2015. Effect of corn starch coating on storage life and quality of Assam lemon (Citrus lemon burn.). Journal Crop and Weed 11: 101-107.
Gidley, M.J. and Reid, J.G., 2006. Galactomannans and other cell wall storage polysaccharides in seeds. Food Polysaccharides and their Applications: 181-215.
Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Fallah, H., Ksouri, R. and Bakhrouf, A., 2009. Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of tow cultivated mint species (Mentha longifoliaand Mentha pulegium) used in the Tunisian folkloric medicine. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25: 2227-2238.
Han, J., Weng, X. and Bi, K., 2008. Antioxidants from a Chinese medicinal herb – Lithospermum erythrorhizon. Food Chemistry 106: 2-10.
Hassan, Z., Lesmayati, S., Qomariah, R. and Hasbianto, A., 2014. Effects of wax coating applications and storage temperatures on the quality of tangerine citrus (Citrus reticulata) var. Siam Banjar. International Food Research Journal 21(2): 641-648.
Irkin, R., Degirmencioglu, N. and Guldas, M., 2015. Effects of organic acids to prolong the shelf-life and improve the microbial quality of fresh cut broccoli florets. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 7: 737-745.
Javanmardi, J. and Kubota, C., 2006. Variation of lycopene, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and weight loss of tomato during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 41: 151-155.
Jawandha, S., Singh, H., Arora, A. and Singh, J., 2014. Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on storage of Baramasi lemon (Citrus limon(L.) Burm). International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology 7: 635.
Kader, A.A., 2002. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, 3311. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, St. Davis, CA, USA, 535 pp.
Kays, S.J., 1991. Postharvest physiology and handling of perishable plant products. Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc., New York, NY, USA.
Lin, D. and Zhao, Y., 2007. Innovations in the development and application of edible coatings for fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 6: 60-75.
Marlett, J.A. and Vollendorf, N.W., 1994. Dietary fiber content and composition of different forms of fruits. Food Chemistry 51: 39-44.
Marlett, J.A., 1992. Content and composition of dietary fiber in 117 frequently consumed foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 92: 175-186.
Moraes, K.S.d., Fagundes, C., Melo, M.C., Andreani, P. and Monteiro, A.R., 2012. Conservation of Williams pear using edible coating with alginate and carrageenan. Food Science and Technology 32: 679-684.
Nabifarkhani, N., Sharifani, M., Daraei Garmakhany, A., Ganji Moghadam, E. and Shakeri, A., 2015. Effect of nano-composite and thyme oil (Tymus Vulgaris L) coating on fruit quality of sweet cherry (Takdaneh Cv) during storage period. Food Science and Nutrition3(4): 349-354.
Naeem, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018a. Effect of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of guar gum coating containing spice extracts and its application on tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.). Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 12(4): 2725-2734.
Naeem, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018b. Effect of guar gum coatings containing essential oils on shelf life and nutritional quality of green-unripe mangoes during low temperature storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 113: 403-410.
Pasha, A., Abbas, T., Ali, T.M. and Hasnain, A., 2018. Inactivation of food borne pathogens by lipid fractions of culinary condiments and their nutraceutical properties. Microbiology Research 9(1).
Peleg, H., Naim, M., Rouseff, R.L. and Zehavi, U., 1991. Distribution of bound and free phenolic acids in oranges (Citrus sinensis) and grapefruits (Citrus paradisi). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 57: 417-426.
Shamloo, M., Sharifani, M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2013. Alternation of flavonoid compounds in Valencia orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) peel as a function of storage period and edible covers. Minerva Biotecnol25: 191-197.
Shamloo, M., Sharifani, M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2015. Alternation of secondary metabolites and quality attributes in Valencia orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) as influenced by storage period and edible covers. Journal of Food Science and Technology52(4): 1936-1947.
Shan, B., Cai, Y.-Z., Brooks, J. and Corke, H., 2013. Spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives in cheese. Handbook of cheese in health: production, nutrition and medical sciences. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 280pp.
Sharifani, M., Shamloo, M.M., Garmakhany, A.D. and Seifi, E., 2015. Quality attributes of Valencia orange fruit using different edible covers. Acta Horticulturae 1065: 1529-1532.
Sothornvit, R. and Krochta, J., 2000. Plasticizer effect on oxygen permeability of ?-lactoglobulin films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 6298-6302.
Srivastava, M. and Kapoor, V., 2005. Seed galactomannans: an overview. Chemistry and Biodiversity 2: 295-317.
Taverner, P., Tugwell, B. and Wild, B., 2001. A guide to the common postharvest diseases and disorders of navel oranges and mandarins grown in inland Australia. South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Adelaide, Australia.
Taylor, J., Muller, M. and Minnaar, A., 2016. Improved storage and eat-ripe quality of avocados using a plant protein-based coating formulation. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 8: 207-214.
Tiwari, B., Muthukumarappan, K., O’donnell, C. and Cullen, P., 2008. Colour degradation and quality parameters of sonicated orange juice using response surface methodology. LWT – Food Science and Technology 41: 1876-1883.
Uckoo, R.M., Jayaprakasha, G.K. and Patil, B.S., 2015. Phytochemical analysis of organic and conventionally cultivated Meyer lemons (Citrus meyeri Tan.) during refrigerated storage. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 42: 63-70.
Vieira, Í.G.P., Mendes, F.N.P., Gallão, M.I. and De Brito, E.S., 2007. NMR study of galactomannans from the seeds of mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC). Food Chemistry 101: 70-73.
Waterhouse, A.L., 2002. Determination of total phenolics. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry 6(1): 1.1.1-1.1.8.
Yaman, Ö. and Bayo?nd?rl?, L., 2002. Effects of an edible coating and cold storage on shelf-life and quality of cherries. LWT – Food Science and Technology 35: 146-150.
Yang, L. and Paulson, A., 2000. Effects of lipids on mechanical and moisture barrier properties of edible gellan film. Food Research International 33: 571-578.
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Apr 9, 2019
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