Chemical properties of Indonesian aloe vera and its hepatoprotective activity by targeting reactive oxygen species and TACE protein: comparison between gel and whole parts
Main Article Content
Keywords
aloe vera; aloe gel; hepatoprotective; TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE); squalene
Abstract
This study evaluated the chemical properties of Indonesian aloe vera and compared the hepatoprotective activity of aloe gel (AO) and whole plant (WAO) against H2O2-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. Chemical characterization was performed using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses, and compound interactions with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) were examined. AO contained a higher level of O-acetyl polysaccharides (10.36 ± 0.63% by mass [b/b]) than WAO (6.39 ± 0.16% b/b). Aloin A was rich in WAO (1,342.3 ± 23.94 ppm b/b) but absent in AO. FTIR spectra were similar for both samples, while LC-HRMS profiling revealed phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid compounds in AO and WAO. Various concentrations of AO effectively inhibited H₂O₂-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells, with 200 μg/ mL showing the highest protective effect (22.44 ± 6.04%). In contrast, WAO reduced toxicity at lower concentrations but became cytotoxic at higher concentrations. Both extracts decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to H2O2 alone. At 200 μg/mL, AO and WAO reduced ROS level, compared to H2O2 alone, by 0.964±0.241 fold and 0.768±0.128 fold, respectively (P < 0.05). Docking studies showed squalene (C₃₀H₅₀) from AO exhibited the strongest affinity for TACE protein with a docking score of -1,16.6±2.54. Overall, AO extract may serve as a potent hepatoprotective agent.
References
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Ding, W.-J., Wu, X.-F., Zhong, J.-S. and Wan, J.-Z. 2014. Effects of temperature, pH and light on the stability of aloin A and characterisation of its major degradation products. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 49(7): 1773–1779. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12500
Dobbins, Dylan C., Marcelo-Silva, J. and Siebert, S.J. 2021. Screening the phytoextractability of trace metals by aloe cryptopoda baker and aloe vera (L.) burm. f. cultivated on mine tailings. South African Journal of Botany 140: 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.03.042
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS), Younes, M., Aggett, P., Aguilar, F., Crebelli, R., Filipič, M., Frutos, M.J., Galtier, P., Gott, D., Gundert-Remy, U., Kuhnle, G.G., Lambré, C., Leblanc, J.-C., Lillegaard, I.T., Moldeus, P., Mortensen, A., Oskarsson, A., Stankovic, I., Waalkens-Berendsen, I., Woutersen, R.A., Andrade, R.J., Fortes, C., Mosesso, P., Restani, P., Pizzo, F., Smeraldi, C., Papaioannou, A. and Wright, M. 2018. Safety of hydroxyanthracene derivatives for use in food. EFSA Journal 16(1): e05090. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5090
Fardsadegh, B. and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, H. 2019. Aloe vera leaf extract mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and assessment of their in vitro antimicrobial activity against spoilage fungi and pathogenic bacteria strains. Green Processing and Synthesis 8(1): 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2019-0007
García, D., Perdomo, M.E. and Magomedov, I. 2023. Study case: correlational analysis of pH and weekly aloe growth. BIO Web of Conferences 63: 07007. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236307007
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