Public health issues in the processing of cassava (Manihot esculenta) for the production of lafun and the application of hazard analysis control measures
Main Article Content
Keywords
aflatoxin, antibiotic resistance, fermentation, food safety, HACCP
Abstract
Eight hundred samples of water, fermenting broths and dried lafun obtained from processors from two villages in Ogbomoso, Nigeria were analysed within a period of five months for microbiological attributes through the enumeration and isolation of mould/yeast, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform, staphylococci, Salmonella and lactobacilli. In addition, the public health implications of the incidence of bacteria and fungi were investigated through antibiotic sensitivity testing and determination of aflatoxigenic potential of fungal isolates. The raw materials and environments in which lafun processing was carried out was observed to identify sources of hazards associated with the production process, to construct a workable hazard analysis and critical control points plan for lafun production, which was implemented in the production of laboratory-prepared lafun. The cumulative microbial counts of the water and fermenting broths ranged from 1.35×104 to 1.04×105 cfu/ml, while that of lafun samples ranged from 2.21×104 to 9.91×104 cfu/g. There were occurrences of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Absidia corymbifera and Rhizopus oryzae in the samples. Many of these isolates showed multi-drug resistance to 2-10 antibiotics, while about 39% of the fungi produced aflatoxins ranging from 1 to 1,600 ?g/kg. The critical control points identified in the production were steeping, drying, packaging/storage, and the implementation of the corrective measures led to the production of laboratory-prepared lafun with improved microbiological safety. The results showed potential hazards that may be associated with the consumption of lafun with attendant public health consequences of aflatoxin food poisoning and illnesses that may be occasioned by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Education of processors on the hazards, critical control points and importance of hygienic environment is therefore necessary in the production of quality lafun to safeguard public health.
References
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Adebayo-Oyetoro, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Obadina, A.O. and Omemu, M.A., 2013. Microbiological safety assessment of fermented cassava flour ‘lafun’ available in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science 1-5.
Adewoye, S.O. and Lateef, A., 2004. Assessment of the microbiological quality of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an industrial effluent in Nigeria. The Environmentalist 24: 249-254.
Andrews, J.M., 2005. BSAC Standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 4). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56: 60-76.
Atanda, O.O., Ogunrinu, M.C. and Olorunfemi, F.M., 2011. A neutral red desiccated coconut agar for rapid detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and visual determination of aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal 4: 147-155.
Canton, R., Coque, T.M. and Baquero, F., 2003. Multi resistant Gram-negative bacilli: from epidermics to endemics. Nosocomial and hospital-related infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 16: 315-325.
Cheesbrough, M., 2006. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
Chortyk, T.O., Severson, R.F., Cutler, H.C. and Siesson, V.A., 1993. Antibiotic activities of sugar esters isolated from selected Nicotiana species. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 57: 1355-1356.
Ehiri, J.E., Azubuike, M.C., Ubbaonu, C.N., Anyanwu, E.C., Ibe, K.M. and Ogbonna, M.O., 2001. Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in Eastern Nigeria. Bulletin of World Health Organization 79: 423-433.
Essono, G., Ayodele, M., Akoa, A., Foko, J., Filtenborg, O. and Olembo, S., 2008. Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin levels in stored cassava chips as affected by processing practices. Mycopathologia 124: 55-64.
Evans, E., Musa, A., Abubakar, Y. and Mainuna, B., 2013. Nigerian indigenous foods: processes and prospects. In: Makun, H.A. (ed.) Mycotoxin and food safety in developing countries. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 153-180.
Ezekiel, C.N., Kayode, F.O., Fapohunda, S.O., Olorunfemi, M.F. and Kponi, B.T., 2012. Aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxins in street-vended snacks in Lagos, Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety 14: 88-92.
Fapohunda, S.O., Moore, G.G., Ganiyu, O.T. and Beltz, S.B., 2012. Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and other fungi of public health concern in food and organic matter in Southwest Nigeria. Mycology 3: 210-219.
Fawole, O.O., Lateef, A. and Amaefuna, M., 2002. Microbiological examination of drinking water in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Science Focus 1: 16-20.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Paper 81. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ol5dtfj.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2008. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the agricultural sector. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0259e/x0259e04.htm.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT), 2002. The world production of cassava roots in 2001. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Garofalo, C., Vignaroli, C., Zandri, G., Aquilanti, L., Bordoni, D. and Osimani, A., 2007. Direct detection of antibiotic resistance genes in specimens of chicken and pork meat. International Journal of Food Microbiology 113: 75-83.
Ijabadeniyi, A.O., 2007. Microbiological safety of gari, lafun and ogiriin Akure metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2633-2635.
Kaaya, A.N. and Eboku, D., 2010. Mould and aflatoxin contamination of dried cassava chips in Eastern Uganda: association with traditional processing and storage practices. Journal of Biological Science 10: 718-729.
Kaaya, N.A. and Warren, H.L., 2005.A review of past and present research on aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5: 3-5.
Klich, M.A., 2007. Environmental and developmental factors influencing aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycoscience 48: 71-80.
Knoth, J., 1993. Traditional storage of yams and cassava and its improvement. TZ-Verlag, Rossdorf, Hamburg, German, 116 pp.
Koneman, E.W., 1997. Colour atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology (5th Ed.) Lippincott Company, Philadephia, PA, USA.
Lateef, A., 2004. The microbiology of a pharmaceutical effluent and its public health implications. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 20: 167-171.
Lateef, A., Davies, T.E., Adelekan, A., Adelere, I.A., Adedeji, A.A. and Fadahunsi, A.H., 2010. Akara Ogbomoso: microbiological examination and identification of hazards and critical control points. Food Science and Technology International 16: 389-400.
Lateef, A. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2014. Quality assessment and potential application of HACCP in the small-scale production of poultry feeds in Ogbomoso, Southwest Nigeria. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 6: 105-113.
Lateef, A., Lateef, L.L. and Agosu, S.O., 2012. Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2: 39-47.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2004. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains isolated from orange juice products. African Journal of Biotechnology 3: 334-338.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2005. The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 100: 59-69.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K., Gueguim-Kana, E.B. and Pacheco, E., 2006. The microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety 8: 39-43.
Levy, S.B., 2006. Antibiotic resistance: consequences of inaction. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33: 5124-5129.
Levy, S.B. and Marshall, B., 2004. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nature Medicine 10: 5122-5129.
Malik, A. and Ahmad, M., 1994. Incidence of drug and metal resistance in E. coli strains from sewage water and soil. Chemical and Environmental Research 3: 3-11.
Moretti, A., Susca, A., Mulé, G., Logrieco, A.F. and Proctor, R.H., 2013. Molecular biodiversity of mycotoxigenic fungi that threaten food safety. International Journal of Food Microbiology 167: 57-66.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), 1997. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests (6th Ed.). Approved standards. Document M2-A6. NCCLS, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
Njumbe, E.E., Di Mavungu, J.D., Goryacheva, I.Y., Van Peteghem, C. and De Saeger, S., 2012. Multiplex flow-through immunoassay formats for screening of mycotoxins in a variety of food matrices. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403: 265-278.
Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B. and Odusami, A.O., 2009. Microbiological safety and quality assessment of some fermented cassava products (lafun, fufu, gari). Scientific Research Essay 4: 432-435.
Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Sanni, L.O., Tomlins, K.I. and Westby, A., 2008. Identification of hazards and critical control points (CCP) for cassava fufu processing in South-West Nigeria. Food Control 19: 22-26.
Ogbe, F.O., Emechute, J.K.U. and Legg, J., 2007. Screening of cassava varieties for whitefly population. Annual Report of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria.
Ogiehor, I.S., Ikenebomeh, M.J. and Ekundayo, A.O., 2007. The bioload and aflatoxin content of market garri from some selected states in Southern Nigeria: public health significance. African Health Science 7: 223-227.
Omojokun, J., 2013. Regulation and enforcement of legislation on food safety in Nigeria. In: Makun, H.A. (ed.) Mycotoxin and food safety in developing countries. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 263-280.
Oyewole, O.B., 1991. Fermentation of cassava for lafun and fufuproduction in Nigeria. Food Laboratory News 7: 29-31.
Oyewole, O.B. and Odunfa, S.A., 1988. Microbiological studies on cassava fermentation for lafun production. Food Microbiology 5: 125-133.
Oyewole, O.B. and Ogundele, S.L., 2001. Effect of length of fermentation on the functional characteristics of fermented cassava fufu. Journal of Food Technology in Africa 6: 38-40.
Oyewole, O.B. and Sanni, L.O., 1995. Constraints in traditional cassava processing. In: Agbor-Egbe, T., Brauma, A., Grifforn, D. and Treche, S. (eds). The case of fufu production. Cassava Food Processing. ORSTOM, Paris, France, pp. 523-529.
Padonou, S.W., Hounhouigan, J.D. and Nago, M.C., 2009. Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of lafun produced in Benin. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 3320-3325.
Roscoe, V., Lombaert, G.A., Huzel, V., Neumann, G., Melietio, J.O. and Kitchen, D., 2008. Mycotoxins in breakfast cereals from the Canadian retail market: a 3-year survey. Food Additives and Contaminants 25: 347-355.
Rubert, R., Fapohunda, S.O., Soler, C., Ezekiel, C.N., Mañes, J. and Kayode, F., 2013. A survey of mycotoxins in random street-vended snacks from Lagos, Nigeria, using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 32: 673-677.
Scudamore, K.A., 2005. Principles and applications of mycotoxin analysis. In: Diaz, D. (ed.) The mycotoxin blue book. Nottingham University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 157-185.
Silva, A.A.L. and Hoffer, E., 1993. Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals in E. coli from marine environment. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 8: 1-11.
Udom, I.E., Ezekiel, N., Fapohunda, S.O., Okoye, Z.S.C. and Kale, C.A., 2012. Incidence of Aspergillus flavus and concentration of aflatoxin in food concentrates for cattle in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Advances 2: 36-46.
Umoh, V.T., Adesiyan, A.A. and Gomwalk, N.E., 1990. Antibiogram of Staphylococcal strains isolated from milk and milk products. Zentralblattverternarmedizin (B) 37: 701-706.
Wild, C.P. and Hall, A.J., 2000. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries. Mutation Research 462: 381-393.
Adebayo-Oyetoro, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Obadina, A.O. and Omemu, M.A., 2013. Microbiological safety assessment of fermented cassava flour ‘lafun’ available in Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science 1-5.
Adewoye, S.O. and Lateef, A., 2004. Assessment of the microbiological quality of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an industrial effluent in Nigeria. The Environmentalist 24: 249-254.
Andrews, J.M., 2005. BSAC Standardized disc susceptibility testing method (version 4). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56: 60-76.
Atanda, O.O., Ogunrinu, M.C. and Olorunfemi, F.M., 2011. A neutral red desiccated coconut agar for rapid detection of aflatoxigenic fungi and visual determination of aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin Journal 4: 147-155.
Canton, R., Coque, T.M. and Baquero, F., 2003. Multi resistant Gram-negative bacilli: from epidermics to endemics. Nosocomial and hospital-related infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 16: 315-325.
Cheesbrough, M., 2006. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
Chortyk, T.O., Severson, R.F., Cutler, H.C. and Siesson, V.A., 1993. Antibiotic activities of sugar esters isolated from selected Nicotiana species. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 57: 1355-1356.
Ehiri, J.E., Azubuike, M.C., Ubbaonu, C.N., Anyanwu, E.C., Ibe, K.M. and Ogbonna, M.O., 2001. Critical control points of complementary food preparation and handling in Eastern Nigeria. Bulletin of World Health Organization 79: 423-433.
Essono, G., Ayodele, M., Akoa, A., Foko, J., Filtenborg, O. and Olembo, S., 2008. Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin levels in stored cassava chips as affected by processing practices. Mycopathologia 124: 55-64.
Evans, E., Musa, A., Abubakar, Y. and Mainuna, B., 2013. Nigerian indigenous foods: processes and prospects. In: Makun, H.A. (ed.) Mycotoxin and food safety in developing countries. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 153-180.
Ezekiel, C.N., Kayode, F.O., Fapohunda, S.O., Olorunfemi, M.F. and Kponi, B.T., 2012. Aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxins in street-vended snacks in Lagos, Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety 14: 88-92.
Fapohunda, S.O., Moore, G.G., Ganiyu, O.T. and Beltz, S.B., 2012. Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and other fungi of public health concern in food and organic matter in Southwest Nigeria. Mycology 3: 210-219.
Fawole, O.O., Lateef, A. and Amaefuna, M., 2002. Microbiological examination of drinking water in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Science Focus 1: 16-20.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Paper 81. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ol5dtfj.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2008. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the agricultural sector. FAO, Rome, Italy. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0259e/x0259e04.htm.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division (FAOSTAT), 2002. The world production of cassava roots in 2001. FAO, Rome, Italy.
Garofalo, C., Vignaroli, C., Zandri, G., Aquilanti, L., Bordoni, D. and Osimani, A., 2007. Direct detection of antibiotic resistance genes in specimens of chicken and pork meat. International Journal of Food Microbiology 113: 75-83.
Ijabadeniyi, A.O., 2007. Microbiological safety of gari, lafun and ogiriin Akure metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2633-2635.
Kaaya, A.N. and Eboku, D., 2010. Mould and aflatoxin contamination of dried cassava chips in Eastern Uganda: association with traditional processing and storage practices. Journal of Biological Science 10: 718-729.
Kaaya, N.A. and Warren, H.L., 2005.A review of past and present research on aflatoxin in Uganda. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 5: 3-5.
Klich, M.A., 2007. Environmental and developmental factors influencing aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycoscience 48: 71-80.
Knoth, J., 1993. Traditional storage of yams and cassava and its improvement. TZ-Verlag, Rossdorf, Hamburg, German, 116 pp.
Koneman, E.W., 1997. Colour atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology (5th Ed.) Lippincott Company, Philadephia, PA, USA.
Lateef, A., 2004. The microbiology of a pharmaceutical effluent and its public health implications. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 20: 167-171.
Lateef, A., Davies, T.E., Adelekan, A., Adelere, I.A., Adedeji, A.A. and Fadahunsi, A.H., 2010. Akara Ogbomoso: microbiological examination and identification of hazards and critical control points. Food Science and Technology International 16: 389-400.
Lateef, A. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2014. Quality assessment and potential application of HACCP in the small-scale production of poultry feeds in Ogbomoso, Southwest Nigeria. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods 6: 105-113.
Lateef, A., Lateef, L.L. and Agosu, S.O., 2012. Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2: 39-47.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2004. Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains isolated from orange juice products. African Journal of Biotechnology 3: 334-338.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K. and Gueguim-Kana, E.B., 2005. The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 100: 59-69.
Lateef, A., Oloke, J.K., Gueguim-Kana, E.B. and Pacheco, E., 2006. The microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in Ogbomoso metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Internet Journal of Food Safety 8: 39-43.
Levy, S.B., 2006. Antibiotic resistance: consequences of inaction. Clinical Infectious Diseases 33: 5124-5129.
Levy, S.B. and Marshall, B., 2004. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nature Medicine 10: 5122-5129.
Malik, A. and Ahmad, M., 1994. Incidence of drug and metal resistance in E. coli strains from sewage water and soil. Chemical and Environmental Research 3: 3-11.
Moretti, A., Susca, A., Mulé, G., Logrieco, A.F. and Proctor, R.H., 2013. Molecular biodiversity of mycotoxigenic fungi that threaten food safety. International Journal of Food Microbiology 167: 57-66.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), 1997. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests (6th Ed.). Approved standards. Document M2-A6. NCCLS, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
Njumbe, E.E., Di Mavungu, J.D., Goryacheva, I.Y., Van Peteghem, C. and De Saeger, S., 2012. Multiplex flow-through immunoassay formats for screening of mycotoxins in a variety of food matrices. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 403: 265-278.
Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B. and Odusami, A.O., 2009. Microbiological safety and quality assessment of some fermented cassava products (lafun, fufu, gari). Scientific Research Essay 4: 432-435.
Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B., Sanni, L.O., Tomlins, K.I. and Westby, A., 2008. Identification of hazards and critical control points (CCP) for cassava fufu processing in South-West Nigeria. Food Control 19: 22-26.
Ogbe, F.O., Emechute, J.K.U. and Legg, J., 2007. Screening of cassava varieties for whitefly population. Annual Report of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Nigeria.
Ogiehor, I.S., Ikenebomeh, M.J. and Ekundayo, A.O., 2007. The bioload and aflatoxin content of market garri from some selected states in Southern Nigeria: public health significance. African Health Science 7: 223-227.
Omojokun, J., 2013. Regulation and enforcement of legislation on food safety in Nigeria. In: Makun, H.A. (ed.) Mycotoxin and food safety in developing countries. InTech Publishers, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 263-280.
Oyewole, O.B., 1991. Fermentation of cassava for lafun and fufuproduction in Nigeria. Food Laboratory News 7: 29-31.
Oyewole, O.B. and Odunfa, S.A., 1988. Microbiological studies on cassava fermentation for lafun production. Food Microbiology 5: 125-133.
Oyewole, O.B. and Ogundele, S.L., 2001. Effect of length of fermentation on the functional characteristics of fermented cassava fufu. Journal of Food Technology in Africa 6: 38-40.
Oyewole, O.B. and Sanni, L.O., 1995. Constraints in traditional cassava processing. In: Agbor-Egbe, T., Brauma, A., Grifforn, D. and Treche, S. (eds). The case of fufu production. Cassava Food Processing. ORSTOM, Paris, France, pp. 523-529.
Padonou, S.W., Hounhouigan, J.D. and Nago, M.C., 2009. Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of lafun produced in Benin. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 3320-3325.
Roscoe, V., Lombaert, G.A., Huzel, V., Neumann, G., Melietio, J.O. and Kitchen, D., 2008. Mycotoxins in breakfast cereals from the Canadian retail market: a 3-year survey. Food Additives and Contaminants 25: 347-355.
Rubert, R., Fapohunda, S.O., Soler, C., Ezekiel, C.N., Mañes, J. and Kayode, F., 2013. A survey of mycotoxins in random street-vended snacks from Lagos, Nigeria, using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 32: 673-677.
Scudamore, K.A., 2005. Principles and applications of mycotoxin analysis. In: Diaz, D. (ed.) The mycotoxin blue book. Nottingham University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 157-185.
Silva, A.A.L. and Hoffer, E., 1993. Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals in E. coli from marine environment. Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 8: 1-11.
Udom, I.E., Ezekiel, N., Fapohunda, S.O., Okoye, Z.S.C. and Kale, C.A., 2012. Incidence of Aspergillus flavus and concentration of aflatoxin in food concentrates for cattle in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Veterinary Advances 2: 36-46.
Umoh, V.T., Adesiyan, A.A. and Gomwalk, N.E., 1990. Antibiogram of Staphylococcal strains isolated from milk and milk products. Zentralblattverternarmedizin (B) 37: 701-706.
Wild, C.P. and Hall, A.J., 2000. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries. Mutation Research 462: 381-393.
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Aug 11, 2015
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