Antioxidant capacity and antitumor activity of Fructus Kochiae extracts
Main Article Content
Keywords
carbonylation, free radical, HepG2 cell, momordin Ic, oxidative damage
Abstract
Fructus Kochiae (dried fruit of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., broom cypress fruit), widely distributed in the northwest of China, has been used as medicinal and edible plant for thousands of years. The antioxidant activities and antitumor effect of aqueous and 50% ethanol Fructus Kochiae extracts were investigated. Furthermore, the content of momordin Ic by HPLC and the antioxidant activity by protein oxidation model were evaluated. Fructus Kochiae extracts could effectively scavenge different free radicals and suppress growth of cancer cells. The activity of ethanol extracts was more remarkable than aqueous ones especially for hydroxyl-induced oxidation. Moreover, ethanol extract was found to have higher amount of momordin Ic than aqueous ones. Momordin Ic was effective in inhibiting protein oxidation and carbonylation. Fructus Kochiae extracts could be developed as appreciable food additives with antioxidant activity and momordin Ic was an active component which partly contributed to the antioxidant activity.
References
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Dziria, S., Hassenb, I., Fatnassia, S., Mrabet, Y., Casabianca, H., Hanchi, B. and Hosni, K., 2012. Phenolic constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosy garlic (Allium roseum v a r.odoratissimum). Journal of Functional Foods 4: 423-432.
Fagali, N. and Catalá, A., 2009. Fe2+ and Fe3+ initiated peroxidation of sonicated and non-sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids in different aqueous media. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 159: 88-94.
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Ho, C.L. and Su, Y.C., 2012. Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus japonica from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications 7: 109-112.
Hussin, M., Abdul-Hamid, A., Mohamad, S., Saari, N., Ismail, M. and Bejo, M.H., 2007. Protective effect of Centella asiatica extract and powder on oxidative stress in rats. Food Chemistry 100: 535-541.
Itagi, H.N., Rao, B.V.R.S., Jayadeep, P.A. and Singh, V., 2012. Functional and antioxidant properties of ready-to-eat flakes from various cereals including sorghum and millets. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4: 126-133.
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Lee, M.Y., Shin, I.S., Lim, H.S., Seo, C.S., Ha, H. and Shin, H.K., 2011. Kochia scoparia fruit attenuates allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model. Inhalation Toxicology 23: 938-946.
Lirussi, D., Li, J., Prieto, J.M., Gennari, M., Buschiazzo, H., Rios, J.L. and Zaidenberg, A., 2004. Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi by plant extracts used in Chinese medicine. Fitoterapia 75: 718-723.
Liu, D., Liu, J., Sun, D., Alcock, N.W. and Wen, J., 2003. Spinal cord injury increases iron levels: catalytic production of hydroxyl radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 34: 64-71.
Lu, C., Zhang, H.Y., Ji, J. and Wang, G.X., 2012. In vivo anthelmintic activity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Kochia scoparia, and Polygala tenuifolia against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research 110: 1085-1090.
Marklund, S. and Marklund, N., 1974. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyorgallol and a convenient assay for superaxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry 47: 469-474.
Matkowski, A., 2008. Plant in vitro culture for the production of antioxidants – a review. Biotechnology Advances 26: 548-560.
Matsuda, H., Dai, Y., Ido, Y., Ko, S., Yoshikawa, M. and Kubo, M., 1997a. Studies on Kochiae Fructus. III. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20: 1086-1091.
Matsuda, H., Dai, Y., Ido, Y., Yoshikawa, M. and Kubo, M., 1997b. Studies on Kochiae Fructus. IV. Anti-allergic effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20: 1165-1170.
Matsuda, H., Li, Y. and Yoshikawa, M., 1999. Roles of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, endogenous nitric oxide, sulfhydryls, and prostaglandins in gastroprotection by momordin Ic, an oleanolic acid oligoglycoside, on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Life Sciences 65: 27-32.
Mellors, A. and Tappel, A.L., 1996. The inhibition of mitochondrial peroxidation by ubiquinon and ubiquinol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241: 4353-4356.
Miller, N.J. Rice-Evans, C.A. Davies, M.J. Gopinathan, V. and Milner, A., 1993. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates.Clinical Science 84: 407-412.
Miura, T., Muraoka, S. and Ogiso, T., 1992. Oxidative damage to bovine serum albumin induced by hydroxyl radical generating systems of xanthine oxidase + EDTA?Fe3+ and ascorbate + EDTA?Fe3+. Chemico-Biological Interactions 85: 243-254.
Oliva, J., Bardag-Gorce, F., Tillman, B. and French, S.W., 2011. Protective effect of quercetin, EGCG, catechin and betaine against oxidative stress induced by ethanol in vitro. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 90: 295-299.
Otles, S. and Selek, I., 2012. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruits. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4: 199-205.
Rauhala, P., Sziraki, I. and Chiueh, C.C., 1996. Peroxidation of brain lipids in vitro: nitric oxide versus hydroxyl radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 21: 391-394.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C., 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26: 1231-1237.
Reuter, S., Gupta, S.C., Chaturvedi, M.M. and Aggarwal, B.B., 2010. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radical Biology and Medicine 49: 1603-1616.
Ryua, C.S., Kima, C.H., Lee, S.Y., Lee, K.S., Choung, K.J., Song, G.Y., Kim, B.H., Ryu, S.Y., Lee, H.S. and Kim, S.K., 2012. Evaluation of the total oxidant scavenging capacity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chemistry 132: 333-337.
Shin, K.M., Kim, Y.H., Park, W.S., Kang, I., Ha, J., Choi, J.W., Park, H.J. and Lee, K.T., 2004. Inhibition of methanol extract from the fruits of Kochia scoparia on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin [correction of prostagladin] E2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27: 538-43.
Smirnoff, N. and Cumbes, Q.J., 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry 28: 1057-1060.
Stoewe, R. and Prütz, W.A., 1987. Copper-catalyzed DNA damage by ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide: kinetics and yield. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 3: 97-105.
Subash, S. and Subramanian, P., 2012. Protective effect of morin on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2: 103-106.
Volpi, N. and Tarugi, P., 1999. The protective effect on Cu2+ and AAPH-mediated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins depends on glycosaminoglycan structure. Biochimie 81: 955-963.
Wang, P., Niu, L., Guo, X.D., Gao, L., Li, W.X., Jia, D., Wang, X.L., Ma, L.T. and Gao, G.D., 2010. Gypenosides protects dopaminergic neurons in primary culture against MPP+-induced oxidative injury. Brain Research Bulletin 83: 266-271.
Xia, Y.F., Wang, Q., Dai, Y. and Pei, K., 2002. Determination of the content of saponin in Kochia scoparia fruits from different producing areas. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 27: 890-893.
Xia, Y., Wang, Q. and Pu, Z., 2003. Identification of Kochia scoparia and its substitutes by scanning electron microscope and UV spectrum. Zhong Yao Cai 26: 323-326.
Xu, Y.J., Kaur, M., Dhillon, R.S., Tappia, P.S. and Dhalla, N.S., 2011. Health benefits of sea buckthorn for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Functional Foods 3: 2-12.
Yamamoto, H., Watanabe, T., Mizuno, H., Endo, K., Hosokawa, T., Kazusaka, A., Gooneratne, R. and Fujita, S., 2001. In vivo evidence for accelerated generation of hydroxyl radicals in liver of Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats with acute hepatitis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 30: 547-554.
Yan, L.J., 2009. Analysis of oxidative modification of proteins. Current Protocols in Protein Science, Chapter14, Unit14.4.
Yu, W.J., Chang, C.C., Kuo, T.F., Tsai, T.C. and Chang, S.J., 2012. Toona Sinensis Roem leaf extracts improve antioxidant activity in the liver of rats under oxidative stress. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50: 1860-1865.
Zhao, H., Li, Q., Zhang, Z., Pei, X., Wang, J. and Li, Y., 2009. Long-term ginsenoside consumption prevents memory loss in aged SAMP8 mice by decreasing oxidative stress and up-regulating the plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Brain Research 1256: 111-122.
Cheung, L.M., Cheung, P.C.K. and Ooi, V.E.C., 2003. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics of edible mushroom extracts. Food Chemistry 81: 249-255.
Choi, J., Lee, K.T., Jung, H., Park, H.S. and Park, H.J., 2002. Anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of the Kochia scoparia fruits and activity comparison of momordin Ic, its prosapogenin and sapogenin. Archives of Pharmacal Research 25: 336-342.
Dalle-Donne, I., Giustarini, D., Colombo, R., Rossi, R. and Milzani, A., 2003. Protein carbonylation in human diseases. Trends in Molecular Medicine 9: 169-176.
Das, D., Bandyopadhyay, D., Bhattacharjee, M. and Banerjee, R.K., 1997. Hydroxyl radical is the major causative factor in stress-induced gastric ulceration. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 23: 8-18.
Dziria, S., Hassenb, I., Fatnassia, S., Mrabet, Y., Casabianca, H., Hanchi, B. and Hosni, K., 2012. Phenolic constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosy garlic (Allium roseum v a r.odoratissimum). Journal of Functional Foods 4: 423-432.
Fagali, N. and Catalá, A., 2009. Fe2+ and Fe3+ initiated peroxidation of sonicated and non-sonicated liposomes made of retinal lipids in different aqueous media. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 159: 88-94.
Glade, M.J., 2010. Oxidative stress and cognitive longevity. Nutrition 26: 595-603.
Gutteridge, J.M. and Wilkins, S., 1983. Copper salt-dependent hydroxyl radical formation: damage to proteins acting as antioxidants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – General Subjects 759: 38-41.
Han, L.K., Nose, R., Li, W., Gong, X.J., Zheng, Y.N., Yoshikawa, M., Koike, K., Nikaido, T., Okuda, H. and Kimura, Y., 2006. Reduction of fat storage in mice fed a high-fat diet long term by treatment with saponins prepared from Kochia scoparia fruit. Phytotherapy Research 20: 877-882.
Hinneburg, I., Damien Dorman, H.J. and Hiltunen, R., 2006. Antioxidant activities of extracts from selected culinary herbs and spices. Food Chemistry 97: 122-129.
Ho, C.L. and Su, Y.C., 2012. Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaf essential oil of Machilus japonica from Taiwan. Natural Product Communications 7: 109-112.
Hussin, M., Abdul-Hamid, A., Mohamad, S., Saari, N., Ismail, M. and Bejo, M.H., 2007. Protective effect of Centella asiatica extract and powder on oxidative stress in rats. Food Chemistry 100: 535-541.
Itagi, H.N., Rao, B.V.R.S., Jayadeep, P.A. and Singh, V., 2012. Functional and antioxidant properties of ready-to-eat flakes from various cereals including sorghum and millets. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4: 126-133.
Kim, N.Y., Lee, M.K., Park, M.J., Kim, S.J., Park, H.J., Choi, J.W., Kim, S.H., Cho, S.Y. and Lee, J.S., 2005. Momordin Ic and oleanolic acid from Kochiae Fructus reduce carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 8: 177-183.
Kubo, M., Matsuda, H., Dai, Y., Ido, Y. and Yoshikawa, M., 1997. Studies on Kochiae Fructus. I. antipruritogenic effect of 70% ethanol extract from Kochiae Fructus and its active component. Yakugaku Zasshi – Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 117: 193-201.
Lee, M.Y., Shin, I.S., Lim, H.S., Seo, C.S., Ha, H. and Shin, H.K., 2011. Kochia scoparia fruit attenuates allergic airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model. Inhalation Toxicology 23: 938-946.
Lirussi, D., Li, J., Prieto, J.M., Gennari, M., Buschiazzo, H., Rios, J.L. and Zaidenberg, A., 2004. Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi by plant extracts used in Chinese medicine. Fitoterapia 75: 718-723.
Liu, D., Liu, J., Sun, D., Alcock, N.W. and Wen, J., 2003. Spinal cord injury increases iron levels: catalytic production of hydroxyl radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 34: 64-71.
Lu, C., Zhang, H.Y., Ji, J. and Wang, G.X., 2012. In vivo anthelmintic activity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Kochia scoparia, and Polygala tenuifolia against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Parasitology Research 110: 1085-1090.
Marklund, S. and Marklund, N., 1974. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyorgallol and a convenient assay for superaxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry 47: 469-474.
Matkowski, A., 2008. Plant in vitro culture for the production of antioxidants – a review. Biotechnology Advances 26: 548-560.
Matsuda, H., Dai, Y., Ido, Y., Ko, S., Yoshikawa, M. and Kubo, M., 1997a. Studies on Kochiae Fructus. III. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20: 1086-1091.
Matsuda, H., Dai, Y., Ido, Y., Yoshikawa, M. and Kubo, M., 1997b. Studies on Kochiae Fructus. IV. Anti-allergic effects of 70% ethanol extract and its component, momordin Ic from dried fruits of Kochia scoparia L. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20: 1165-1170.
Matsuda, H., Li, Y. and Yoshikawa, M., 1999. Roles of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, endogenous nitric oxide, sulfhydryls, and prostaglandins in gastroprotection by momordin Ic, an oleanolic acid oligoglycoside, on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Life Sciences 65: 27-32.
Mellors, A. and Tappel, A.L., 1996. The inhibition of mitochondrial peroxidation by ubiquinon and ubiquinol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241: 4353-4356.
Miller, N.J. Rice-Evans, C.A. Davies, M.J. Gopinathan, V. and Milner, A., 1993. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates.Clinical Science 84: 407-412.
Miura, T., Muraoka, S. and Ogiso, T., 1992. Oxidative damage to bovine serum albumin induced by hydroxyl radical generating systems of xanthine oxidase + EDTA?Fe3+ and ascorbate + EDTA?Fe3+. Chemico-Biological Interactions 85: 243-254.
Oliva, J., Bardag-Gorce, F., Tillman, B. and French, S.W., 2011. Protective effect of quercetin, EGCG, catechin and betaine against oxidative stress induced by ethanol in vitro. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 90: 295-299.
Otles, S. and Selek, I., 2012. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) fruits. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4: 199-205.
Rauhala, P., Sziraki, I. and Chiueh, C.C., 1996. Peroxidation of brain lipids in vitro: nitric oxide versus hydroxyl radicals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 21: 391-394.
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C., 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26: 1231-1237.
Reuter, S., Gupta, S.C., Chaturvedi, M.M. and Aggarwal, B.B., 2010. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radical Biology and Medicine 49: 1603-1616.
Ryua, C.S., Kima, C.H., Lee, S.Y., Lee, K.S., Choung, K.J., Song, G.Y., Kim, B.H., Ryu, S.Y., Lee, H.S. and Kim, S.K., 2012. Evaluation of the total oxidant scavenging capacity of saponins isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum. Food Chemistry 132: 333-337.
Shin, K.M., Kim, Y.H., Park, W.S., Kang, I., Ha, J., Choi, J.W., Park, H.J. and Lee, K.T., 2004. Inhibition of methanol extract from the fruits of Kochia scoparia on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin [correction of prostagladin] E2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27: 538-43.
Smirnoff, N. and Cumbes, Q.J., 1989. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes. Phytochemistry 28: 1057-1060.
Stoewe, R. and Prütz, W.A., 1987. Copper-catalyzed DNA damage by ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide: kinetics and yield. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 3: 97-105.
Subash, S. and Subramanian, P., 2012. Protective effect of morin on lipid peroxidation and lipid profile in ammonium chloride-induced hyperammonemic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2: 103-106.
Volpi, N. and Tarugi, P., 1999. The protective effect on Cu2+ and AAPH-mediated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins depends on glycosaminoglycan structure. Biochimie 81: 955-963.
Wang, P., Niu, L., Guo, X.D., Gao, L., Li, W.X., Jia, D., Wang, X.L., Ma, L.T. and Gao, G.D., 2010. Gypenosides protects dopaminergic neurons in primary culture against MPP+-induced oxidative injury. Brain Research Bulletin 83: 266-271.
Xia, Y.F., Wang, Q., Dai, Y. and Pei, K., 2002. Determination of the content of saponin in Kochia scoparia fruits from different producing areas. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 27: 890-893.
Xia, Y., Wang, Q. and Pu, Z., 2003. Identification of Kochia scoparia and its substitutes by scanning electron microscope and UV spectrum. Zhong Yao Cai 26: 323-326.
Xu, Y.J., Kaur, M., Dhillon, R.S., Tappia, P.S. and Dhalla, N.S., 2011. Health benefits of sea buckthorn for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Journal of Functional Foods 3: 2-12.
Yamamoto, H., Watanabe, T., Mizuno, H., Endo, K., Hosokawa, T., Kazusaka, A., Gooneratne, R. and Fujita, S., 2001. In vivo evidence for accelerated generation of hydroxyl radicals in liver of Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats with acute hepatitis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 30: 547-554.
Yan, L.J., 2009. Analysis of oxidative modification of proteins. Current Protocols in Protein Science, Chapter14, Unit14.4.
Yu, W.J., Chang, C.C., Kuo, T.F., Tsai, T.C. and Chang, S.J., 2012. Toona Sinensis Roem leaf extracts improve antioxidant activity in the liver of rats under oxidative stress. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50: 1860-1865.
Zhao, H., Li, Q., Zhang, Z., Pei, X., Wang, J. and Li, Y., 2009. Long-term ginsenoside consumption prevents memory loss in aged SAMP8 mice by decreasing oxidative stress and up-regulating the plasticity-related proteins in hippocampus. Brain Research 1256: 111-122.