Assessment of micro-macro elements and fatty acid profiles in Turkish salmon fillets during traditional hot smoking: Implications for human health risks
Main Article Content
Keywords
Fatty acids, healt risk assessment, hot smoking, micro-macro elements, Turkish salmon
Abstract
Turkish salmon, a variant of rainbow trout farmed in Black Sea cages, is a key species in Türkiye’s aquaculture. This study examines the effects of hot smoking on Turkish salmon’s fatty acids, elemental content, and safety indi-cators. Twelve large rainbow trout samples were randomly collected from an international hypermarket in Adana, Türkiye, in February 2024 for analysis post-hot smoking. Hot smoking increased total saturated fatty acids (SFA), particularly C16:0 and C18:0, as well as Zn, K, and Fe (p < 0.05), while significantly decreasing C20:2 (n-6) among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p < 0.05). Provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) assessments indicated that the estimated weekly intake (EWI) for Cu, Fe, and Zn remained below the PTWI, suggesting no immediate health risks. Total target hazard quotient (∑THQ) values for heavy metals were below 1, indicating no significant risk to adults or children, despite a post-smoking increase. Low levels of As, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd (below detection limits) prevented reliable target carcinogenic risk (TR) assessment, highlighting limitations in evaluating trace elements.
References
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FAO/WHO. 2011. Evaluations of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO Technical Report Series.
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Igwegbe, A., Negbenebor, C.A.O., Chibuzo, E., et al. 2015. Effects of season and fish smoking on heavy metal contents of selected fish species from three locations in Borno State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 6(2): 1010–1019.
Islam, S., Ahmed, K., Mamun, H.A., et al. 2016. Health risk assessment due to exposure from commonly consumed fish and vegetables. Environment System and Decisions. 36: 253–265.
IUPAC Standard methods for analysis of oils, fats and derivatives, 6th Edition (Fifth Edition Method II.D.19), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979; 96–102.
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Keskin, İ., Köstekli, B. and Erdem, M.E. 2022. Comparison of nutrient content and fatty acid composition of sold Turkish salmon in the central Black Sea region with Atlantic salmon. Akad. Et Süt Kurum. Derg. (3): 18–25.
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Kilercioglu, S., Kosker, A.R. and Evliyaoglu, E. 2022. Public health risk assessments associated with heavy metal levels in panga fish fillets imported from Vietnam. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food. 6(4): 568–578. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2022.4.9
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Lilly, T.T, Immaculate J.K. and Jamila P. 2017. Macro and micronutrients of selected marine fishes in Tuticorin, South East coast of India. International Food Research Journal 24(1): 191–201.
Li, J., Miao, X., Hao, Y., et al. 2020. Health risk assessment of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, Hg, Se) in angling fish with different lengths collected from Liuzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 2192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072192
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