Silicic acid and potassium bicarbonate application affect fruit quality of strawberry cultivated in a rhizosphere cooling system at tropical lowland conditions
Main Article Content
Keywords
Cooling system, silicic acid, strawberry, rhizosphere
Abstract
The effect of silicic acid (H4SiO4), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and their equal volume combination on strawberry fruit quality was determined on cultivars Festival and Fortuna when grown in a rhizosphere cooling system (RCS) in a completely randomized design. The RCS kept the plants’ rhizosphere temperature at 18°C while the shoots were exposed to ambient tropical weather conditions. The treatments were applied either by foliar spraying or root drenching; and were selected due to limited evidence on how they affect strawberry fruit quality in the tropics. Analyzing the effects of the treatments using ANOVA showed that the root application of H4SiO4 and foliar application of KHCO3 improved fruit size, mass, and shape of both strawberry cultivars, resulting in better fruit grading under the European Union’s standards for fresh market strawberries. Fruit firmness, sweetness index, sugar content, and total soluble solid contents were also improved when treatments containing H4SiO4 were applied as foliar spray. Conversely, the root application of KHCO3 adversely affected most of the parameters assessed. Our findings suggest that applying H4SiO4 could improve strawberry fruit quality, and root drenching is the most effective method. We therefore recommend root drenching with H4SiO4, or foliar application of KHCO3, for improved strawberry fruit quality.
References
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Jin, X., Hall, A.M., Fitt, B.D. and Huang, Y., 2014. Factors contributing to the holistic control of strawberry powdery mildew. Aspects of Applied Biology 127: 1–5.
Keutgen, A. and Pawelzik, E., 2007. Modifications of taste-relevant compounds in strawberry fruit under NaCl salinity. Food Chemistry 105(4): 1487–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.033
Khan, N., Ali, S., Shahid, M.A., Mustafa, A., Sayyed, R.Z. and Curá, J.A., 2021. Insights into the interactions among roots, rhizosphere, and rhizobacteria for improving plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses: a review. Cells 10(6): 1551.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061551
Lee, H.S., Choi, J.M., Kim, T.I., Kim, H.S. and Lee, I.H., 2014. Influence of bicarbonate concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth, occurrence of daughter plants and nutrient uptake in vegetative propagation of' Seolhyang' strawberry. Horticultural Science & Technology 32(2): 149–156. https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.2014.13074
McGuire, R.G., 1992. Reporting of objective colour measurement. HortScience 27(12): 1254–1255.
Miyake, Y. and Takahashi, E., 1986. Effect of silicon on the growth and fruit production of strawberry plants in a solution culture. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 32(2): 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1986.10557510
Mohammud, C.H., Illias, M.K,, Zaulia, O., Syafk, S.A. and Ho, M.A., 2016. Effect of rhizosphere cooling on tomato crop performance under controlled environment structure. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 44(1): 19–27.
Moradtalab, N., Hajiboland, R., Aliasgharzad, N., Hartmann, T.E. and Neumann, G., 2019. Silicon and the association with an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on strawberry. Agronomy 9(1): 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010041
Msilini, N., Attia, H., Bouraoui, N., M’rah, S., Ksouri, R., Lachaâl, M. and Ouerghi, Z., 2009. Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 31(4): 849–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0318-z
Munaretto, L.M., Botelho, R.V., Resende, J.T.V., Schwarz, K. and Sato, A.J., 2018. Productivity and quality of organic strawberries pre-harvest treated with silicon. Horticultura Brasileira 36(1): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180107
Nagula, S.A., Joseph, B. and Gladis, R., 2015. Effect of silicon and boron on nutrient status and yield of rice in laterite soils. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 17(3): 299–302.
Osei, A.F., Jin, X.L., Abdullah, W.Z.B.W. and Sidique, S.N.M., 2023. Silicon improves strawberry plants nutrient uptake and epicuticular wax formation in a rhizosphere cooling system. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology 2023(2):1-10. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2022.060
Ouellette, S, Goyette, M.H., Labbé, C., Laur, J., Gaudreau, L., Gosselin, A. and Bélanger, R.R., 2017. Silicon transporters and effects of silicon amendments in strawberry under high tunnel and field conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00949
Paparozzi, E.T., Meyer, G.E., Schlegel, V., Blankenship, E.E., Adams, S.A., Conley, M.E. and Read, P.E., 2018. Strawberry cultivars vary in productivity, sugars and phytonutrient content when grown in a greenhouse during the winter. Scientia Horticulturae 227: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.07.048
Pathare, P.B., Opara, U.L. and Al-Said, F.A.J., 2013. Colour measurement and analysis in fresh and processed foods: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 6(1): 36–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0867-9
Peris-Felipo, F.J., Benavent-Gil, Y. and Hernández-Apaolaza, L., 2020. Silicon beneficial effects on yield, fruit quality and shelf-life of strawberries grown in different culture substrates under different iron status. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 152: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.026
Pineli, L.D.L.D.O., Moretti, C.L., dos Santos, M.S., Campos, A.B., Brasileiro, A.V., Córdova, A.C. and Chiarello, M.D., 2011. Antioxidants and other chemical and physical characteristics of two strawberry cultivars at different ripeness stages. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(1): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.05.004
Pipattanawong, R., Yamane, K., Fujishige, N., Bang, S.W. and Yamaki, Y., 2009. Effects of high temperature on pollen quality, ovule fertilization and development of embryo and achene in ‘Tochiotome’ strawberry. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 78(3): 300–306.
Prakash, N.B., Chandrashekar, N., Mahendra, C., Patil, S.U., Thippeshappa, G.N. and Laane, H.M., 2011. Effect of foliar spray of soluble silicic acid on growth and yield parameters of wetland rice in hilly and coastal zone soils of Karnataka, South India. Journal of Plant Nutrition 34(12): 1883–1893. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.600414
Rahman, S.M.E., Mele, M.A., Lee, Y.T. and Islam, M.Z., 2021. Consumer preference, quality, and safety of organic and conventional fresh fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Foods 10(1): 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010105
Realpe, O.H.R. and Laane, H.M., 2008. Effect of the foliar application of soluble oligomeric silicic acid and low dose boric acid on papaya trees. In: M. Keeping (Ed), Proceedings of IV International Conference on Silicon in Agriculture, Durban, SA, October 2008; Abst. pp. 26–31 (69). UKZN Press, South Africa.
Shamsabad, M.R.M., Roosta, H.R. and Esmaeilizadeh, M., 2021. Responses of seven strawberry cultivars to alkalinity stress under soilless culture system. Journal of Plant Nutrition 44(2): 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1822401
Soppelsa, S., Kelderer, M., Casera, C., Bassi, M., Robatscher, P., Matteazzi, A. and Andreotti C., 2019. Foliar applications of biostimulants promote growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry plants grown under nutrient limitation. Agronomy 9(9): 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090483
Souri, M.K. and Hatamian, M., 2019. Aminochelates in plant nutrition: a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42(1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1549671
Stamatakis, A., Papadantonakis, N., Lydakis-Simantiris, N., Kefalas, P. and Savvas, D., 2003. Effects of silicon and salinity on fruit yield and quality of tomato grown hydroponically. Acta Horticulturae 609: 141–147. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.609.18
Tohidloo, G., Souri, M.K. and Eskandarpour, S., 2018. Growth and fruit biochemical characteristics of three strawberry genotypes under different potassium concentrations of nutrient solution. Open Agriculture 3(1): 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0039
Valentinuzzi, F., Cologna, K., Pii, Y., Mimmom, T. and Cesco, S., 2018. Assessment of silicon biofortification and its effect on the content of bioactive compounds in strawberry (fragaria × Ananassa 'Elsanta') fruits. Acta Horticulturae 1217: 307–312. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1217.38
Wang, N., Dong, X., Chen, Y., Ma, B., Yao, C., Ma, F. and Liu, Z., 2020. Direct and bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency differently affect iron translocation in kiwifruit roots. Plants, 9(11): 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111578
Weber, N., Schmitzer, V., Jakopic, J. and Stampar, F., 2018. First fruit in season: seaweed extract and silicon advance organic strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) fruit formation and yield. Scientia Horticulturae 242: 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.038
Wileman, H.J., Hall, A. and Asiana, C., 2019. What are the benefits of using silicon as a nutrient for strawberry growth? https://www.research.herts.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/19169093/Silicon_deficiency_and_toxicity.pdf. Accessed: January 10, 2022.
Yaghubi, K., Vafaee, Y., Ghaderi, N. and Javadi, T., 2019. Potassium silicate improves salinity resistant and affects fruit quality in two strawberry cultivars grown under salt stress. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50(12): 1439–1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1621333
Zhou, J., Liu, C., Shi, L. and Zamanian, K., 2024. Rhizosphere influence on microbial functions: consequence for temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition at early stage of plant growth. Plant and Soil, 494(1): 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06258-2
Artyszak, A., Gozdowski, D. and Kucińska, K., 2016. The effect of calcium and silicon foliar fertilization in sugar beet. Sugar Tech 18(1): 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-015-0371-4
Bogdanov, S. and Baumann, E., 1988. Determination of sugar composition of honeys by HPLC. Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Lebensmittel-untersuchung un Hygiene 79: 198–206.
Bogdanov, S., Martin, P. and Lullmann C., 2002. Harmonised methods of the International Honey Commission. ePaper, Swiss Bee Research Centre, FAM, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland, 5, pp. 1–62.
Darrow, G.M., 1966. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Vancouver.
Dehghanipoodeh, S., Ghobadi, C., Baninasab, B., Gheysari, M. and Bidabadi, S.S., 2016. Effects of potassium silicate and nanosilica on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of a commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa). Journal of Plant Nutrition 39(4): 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1086789
Dehghanipoodeh, S., Ghobadi, C., Baninasab, B., Gheysari, M. and Shiranibidabadi, S., 2018. Effect of silicon on growth and development of strawberry under water deficit conditions. Horticultural Plant Journal 4(6): 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.09.004
Dodgson, J., Hall, A.M. and Parker, S., 2008. Control of strawberry powdery mildew under protection. Project SF 62 and SF 62a. Factsheet 17/08. AHDB, HDC, Coventry.
Ebrahimi, R., Souri, M.K., Ebrahimi, F. and Ahmadizadeh, M., 2012. Growth and yield of strawberries under different potassium concentrations of hydroponic system in three substrates. World Applied Sciences Journal 16(10): 1380–1386.
Epstein E., 1999. Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Biology 50(1): 641–664. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641
European Union (EU), 2011. Marketing Standard for Strawberries. European Commission Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 543/2011. Available at: http://exporthelp.europa.eu. Accessed: January 10, 2022.
Fan, Z., Anne, P., Jinhe, B. and Vance M., 2021. Volatiles influencing sensory attributes and Bayesian modelling of the soluble solids–sweetness relationship in strawberry. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.640704
Ghasemi, K., Ghajar, S.M. and Hadadinejad, M., 2020. Effect of silicon nutrition on strawberry cv. Camerosa yield and growth in outdoor hydroponic system. Journal of Plant Productions 43(1): 93–106. https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2019.26611.1634
Hajiboland, R., Moradtalab, N., Eshaghi, Z. and Feizy J., 2018. Effect of silicon supplementation on growth and metabolism of strawberry plants at three developmental stages. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 46(2): 144–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2017.1373680
Ilahi, W.F.F., Ahmad, D. and Husain, M.C., 2017. Effects of root zone cooling on butterhead lettuce grown in tropical conditions in a coir-perlite mixture. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 58(1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-017-0123-3
Jelali, N., Salah, I.B., M'sehli, W., Donnini, S., Zocchi, G. and Gharsalli, M., 2011. Comparison of three pea cultivars (Pisum sativum) regarding their responses to direct and bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Scientia Horticulturae 129(4): 548–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.06.010
Jin, X., Hall, A.M., Fitt, B.D. and Huang, Y., 2014. Factors contributing to the holistic control of strawberry powdery mildew. Aspects of Applied Biology 127: 1–5.
Keutgen, A. and Pawelzik, E., 2007. Modifications of taste-relevant compounds in strawberry fruit under NaCl salinity. Food Chemistry 105(4): 1487–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.033
Khan, N., Ali, S., Shahid, M.A., Mustafa, A., Sayyed, R.Z. and Curá, J.A., 2021. Insights into the interactions among roots, rhizosphere, and rhizobacteria for improving plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses: a review. Cells 10(6): 1551.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061551
Lee, H.S., Choi, J.M., Kim, T.I., Kim, H.S. and Lee, I.H., 2014. Influence of bicarbonate concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth, occurrence of daughter plants and nutrient uptake in vegetative propagation of' Seolhyang' strawberry. Horticultural Science & Technology 32(2): 149–156. https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.2014.13074
McGuire, R.G., 1992. Reporting of objective colour measurement. HortScience 27(12): 1254–1255.
Miyake, Y. and Takahashi, E., 1986. Effect of silicon on the growth and fruit production of strawberry plants in a solution culture. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 32(2): 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1986.10557510
Mohammud, C.H., Illias, M.K,, Zaulia, O., Syafk, S.A. and Ho, M.A., 2016. Effect of rhizosphere cooling on tomato crop performance under controlled environment structure. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science 44(1): 19–27.
Moradtalab, N., Hajiboland, R., Aliasgharzad, N., Hartmann, T.E. and Neumann, G., 2019. Silicon and the association with an arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on strawberry. Agronomy 9(1): 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010041
Msilini, N., Attia, H., Bouraoui, N., M’rah, S., Ksouri, R., Lachaâl, M. and Ouerghi, Z., 2009. Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 31(4): 849–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0318-z
Munaretto, L.M., Botelho, R.V., Resende, J.T.V., Schwarz, K. and Sato, A.J., 2018. Productivity and quality of organic strawberries pre-harvest treated with silicon. Horticultura Brasileira 36(1): 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620180107
Nagula, S.A., Joseph, B. and Gladis, R., 2015. Effect of silicon and boron on nutrient status and yield of rice in laterite soils. Annals of Plant and Soil Research 17(3): 299–302.
Osei, A.F., Jin, X.L., Abdullah, W.Z.B.W. and Sidique, S.N.M., 2023. Silicon improves strawberry plants nutrient uptake and epicuticular wax formation in a rhizosphere cooling system. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology 2023(2):1-10. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2022.060
Ouellette, S, Goyette, M.H., Labbé, C., Laur, J., Gaudreau, L., Gosselin, A. and Bélanger, R.R., 2017. Silicon transporters and effects of silicon amendments in strawberry under high tunnel and field conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 949. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00949
Paparozzi, E.T., Meyer, G.E., Schlegel, V., Blankenship, E.E., Adams, S.A., Conley, M.E. and Read, P.E., 2018. Strawberry cultivars vary in productivity, sugars and phytonutrient content when grown in a greenhouse during the winter. Scientia Horticulturae 227: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.07.048
Pathare, P.B., Opara, U.L. and Al-Said, F.A.J., 2013. Colour measurement and analysis in fresh and processed foods: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 6(1): 36–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0867-9
Peris-Felipo, F.J., Benavent-Gil, Y. and Hernández-Apaolaza, L., 2020. Silicon beneficial effects on yield, fruit quality and shelf-life of strawberries grown in different culture substrates under different iron status. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 152: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.026
Pineli, L.D.L.D.O., Moretti, C.L., dos Santos, M.S., Campos, A.B., Brasileiro, A.V., Córdova, A.C. and Chiarello, M.D., 2011. Antioxidants and other chemical and physical characteristics of two strawberry cultivars at different ripeness stages. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(1): 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.05.004
Pipattanawong, R., Yamane, K., Fujishige, N., Bang, S.W. and Yamaki, Y., 2009. Effects of high temperature on pollen quality, ovule fertilization and development of embryo and achene in ‘Tochiotome’ strawberry. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 78(3): 300–306.
Prakash, N.B., Chandrashekar, N., Mahendra, C., Patil, S.U., Thippeshappa, G.N. and Laane, H.M., 2011. Effect of foliar spray of soluble silicic acid on growth and yield parameters of wetland rice in hilly and coastal zone soils of Karnataka, South India. Journal of Plant Nutrition 34(12): 1883–1893. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.600414
Rahman, S.M.E., Mele, M.A., Lee, Y.T. and Islam, M.Z., 2021. Consumer preference, quality, and safety of organic and conventional fresh fruits, vegetables, and cereals. Foods 10(1): 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010105
Realpe, O.H.R. and Laane, H.M., 2008. Effect of the foliar application of soluble oligomeric silicic acid and low dose boric acid on papaya trees. In: M. Keeping (Ed), Proceedings of IV International Conference on Silicon in Agriculture, Durban, SA, October 2008; Abst. pp. 26–31 (69). UKZN Press, South Africa.
Shamsabad, M.R.M., Roosta, H.R. and Esmaeilizadeh, M., 2021. Responses of seven strawberry cultivars to alkalinity stress under soilless culture system. Journal of Plant Nutrition 44(2): 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1822401
Soppelsa, S., Kelderer, M., Casera, C., Bassi, M., Robatscher, P., Matteazzi, A. and Andreotti C., 2019. Foliar applications of biostimulants promote growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry plants grown under nutrient limitation. Agronomy 9(9): 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090483
Souri, M.K. and Hatamian, M., 2019. Aminochelates in plant nutrition: a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 42(1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1549671
Stamatakis, A., Papadantonakis, N., Lydakis-Simantiris, N., Kefalas, P. and Savvas, D., 2003. Effects of silicon and salinity on fruit yield and quality of tomato grown hydroponically. Acta Horticulturae 609: 141–147. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.609.18
Tohidloo, G., Souri, M.K. and Eskandarpour, S., 2018. Growth and fruit biochemical characteristics of three strawberry genotypes under different potassium concentrations of nutrient solution. Open Agriculture 3(1): 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0039
Valentinuzzi, F., Cologna, K., Pii, Y., Mimmom, T. and Cesco, S., 2018. Assessment of silicon biofortification and its effect on the content of bioactive compounds in strawberry (fragaria × Ananassa 'Elsanta') fruits. Acta Horticulturae 1217: 307–312. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1217.38
Wang, N., Dong, X., Chen, Y., Ma, B., Yao, C., Ma, F. and Liu, Z., 2020. Direct and bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency differently affect iron translocation in kiwifruit roots. Plants, 9(11): 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111578
Weber, N., Schmitzer, V., Jakopic, J. and Stampar, F., 2018. First fruit in season: seaweed extract and silicon advance organic strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) fruit formation and yield. Scientia Horticulturae 242: 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.07.038
Wileman, H.J., Hall, A. and Asiana, C., 2019. What are the benefits of using silicon as a nutrient for strawberry growth? https://www.research.herts.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/19169093/Silicon_deficiency_and_toxicity.pdf. Accessed: January 10, 2022.
Yaghubi, K., Vafaee, Y., Ghaderi, N. and Javadi, T., 2019. Potassium silicate improves salinity resistant and affects fruit quality in two strawberry cultivars grown under salt stress. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 50(12): 1439–1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1621333
Zhou, J., Liu, C., Shi, L. and Zamanian, K., 2024. Rhizosphere influence on microbial functions: consequence for temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition at early stage of plant growth. Plant and Soil, 494(1): 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06258-2
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