Use of CIPC as a potato sprout suppressant: health and environmental concerns and future options
Main Article Content
Keywords
ADIL, chlorpropham, health hazards, pollutants, safety concerns
Abstract
World over, isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) is used as a potato sprout suppressant during storage. Residue of CIPC is therefore noticed not only in the stored potatoes but also in the processed potato products. It is about three decades ago that it was proposed that the use of CIPC may become restricted in several countries due to various environmental concerns. During the last 20 years, declining trend in values for the levels of maximum residue limit of CIPC, as recommended from time to time by regulatory agencies, is an indication of potential harmful effects of CIPC. However, at present, larger concerns are being associated with breakdown products (metabolites) of CIPC. Issues like built-up levels of CIPC and its cross-contamination have also started receiving the due attention. This article points out the health and environmental safety concerns that have emerged due to continuous use of CIPC in the last 55 years, since its commercialisation in the year 1962 and in view of advancements in our understanding about this chemical. This article highlights issues that need the attention of the regulatory agencies and presents workable approaches and options along with advisories to reduce the overall use and intake of CIPC so that the risks associated with CIPC can be minimised.
References
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Camire, M.E., Bushway, R.J., Zhao, J.X., Perkins, B. and Paradis, L.R., 1995. Fate of thiabendazole and chlorpropham residues in extruded potato peels. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 43: 495-497.
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Costa, E., Silva, M., Galhano, C.I.C. and Moreira da Silva, A.M.M.G., 2007. A new sprout inhibitor of potato tuber based on carvone/b-cyclodextrin inclusion compound. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena Macrocyclic Chemistry 57: 121-124.
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Dun, E.A., Brewer, P.B. and Beveridge, C.A., 2009. Strigolactones: discovery of the elusive shoot branching hormone. Trends in Plant Sciences 14: 364-372.
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Farawela, J., 2009. Microbial degradation of carbamate pesticides. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/m5l54e
Gomez-Castillo, D., Cruz, E., Iguaz, A., Arroqui, C. and Virseda, P., 2013. Effect of essential oils on sprout suppression and quality of potato cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 82: 15-21.
Gomez-Roldan, V., Fermas, S., Brewer, P.B., Puech-Pages, V., Dun, E.A., Pillot, J.P., Letisse, F., Matusova, R., Danoun, S., Portais, J.C., Bouwmeester, H., Becard, G., Beveridge, C.A., Rameau, C. and Rochange, S.F., 2008. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Nature 455: 189-194.
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Hartmann, A., Senning, M., Hedden, P., Sonnewald, U. and Sonnewald, S., 2011. Reactivation of meristem activity and sprout growth in potato tubers require both cytokinin and gibberellin. Plant Physiology 155: 776-796.
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2009. EU maximum residue levels (MRLs) – basic guidance. HSE, Bootle, UK. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ya8z5mks.
Kidd, H. and James, D.R. (eds.), 1991. The agrochemicals handbook (3rd Ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK.
Kleinkopf, G.E., Oberg, N.A. and Olsen, N.L., 2003. Sprout inhibition in storage current status, new chemistries and natural compounds. American Potato Journal 80: 317-327.
Kumar, D., Paul, V. and Ezekiel, R., 2005. Chipping quality of potatoes stored in heap and pits in sub-tropical plains of India. Horticultural Science 32: 23-30.
McGowan, G., Duncan, H., Briddon, A., Cunnington, A., Jina, A. and Saunders, S., 2009. Research report – evaluation of the impact of modified storage practices on sprout suppression. Potato Council, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, UK.
Mehta, A. and Singh, B., 2016. On-farm storage of table and processing potatoes in heaps. Indian Journal of Horticulture 73: 82-86.
Mehta, A., Singh, B., Ezekiel, R. and Kumar, D., 2010. Effect of CIPC on sprout inhibition and processing quality of potatoes stored under traditional storage system. Indian Potato Research 53: 1-15.
Mohammed, N.M.S., 2012. Extraction and HPLC analysis of potato sprout suppressant chemicals. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Available at: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3454
Mohammed, N.M.S., Flowers, T.H. and Duncan, H.J., 2014. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the analysis of chloropropham and 3-chloroaniline in potato extract. Chromatography Research International, Article ID: 108694.
Mohammed, N.M.S., Flowers, T.H. and Duncan, H.J., 2015. HPLC-UV method for analysis of potato sprout inhibitor chloropropham and its metabolite 3-chloroaniline in potatoes. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 9: 78-85.
Mori, K., Asano, K., Tamiya, S., Nakao, T. and Mori, M., 2015. Challenges of breeding potato cultivars to grow in various environments and to meet different demands. Breeding Science 65: 3-16.
Noel, S., Huyghebaert, B., Pigeon, O., Weickmans, B. and Mostade, O., 2004. Study of potato sprout inhibitor treatments with chlorpropham (or CIPC). Aspects of Applied Biology 71: 65-73.
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Orejuela, E. and Silva, M., 2005. Rapid determination of aniline metabolites of chlorpropham in potatoes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using negative-charged mixed micelles and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 26: 2991-2998.
Park, L., Duncan, H., Briddon, A., Jina, A., Cunnington, A. and Saunders, S., 2009. Review and development of the CIPC application process and evaluation of environmental issues. AHDB-Potato Council, Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Kenilworth, UK.
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Paul, V. and Ezekiel, R., 2013.Scientific storage options crucial for potatoes. Agriculture Today, New Delhi, India.
Paul, V., Ezekiel, R. and Pandey, R., 2016. Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53: 1-18.
Paul, V., Ezekiel, R., Pandey, R. and Kumar, D., 2014. Potential of glyphosate as a sprout suppressant of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) tubers during storage. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 19: 293-305.
Ritchie, W., Boyd, I.M.G. and Duncan, H.J., 1983. A method for the determination of chloropropham residues in crisps and crisp frying oil. Potato Research 26: 73-77.
Sakaliene, O., Koskinen, W.C., Blazauskiene, G. and Petroviene, I., 2009. Level and fate of chlorpropham in potatoes during storage and processing. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, part B 44: 1-6.
Sanli, A., Karadogan, T., Tonguc, M. and Baydar, H., 2010. Effects of caraway (Carum carvi L.) seed on sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers under different temperature conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15: 54-58.
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Sihtmaee, M., Mortimer, M., Kahru, A. and Blinova, I., 2010. Toxicity of five anilines to crustaceans, protozoa and bacteria. Journal of Serbian Chemical Society 75: 1291-1302.
Singh, B. and Ezekiel, R., 2010. Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residue in potatoes stored in commercial cold stores in India. Potato Research 53: 111-120.
Skidmore, M.W., Paulson, G.D., Kuiper, H.A., Ohlin, B. and Reynolds, S., 2002. Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin. Pest Management Science 58: 313.
Smith, M.J. and Bucher, G., 2012. Tools to study the degradation and loss of the N-phenyl carbamate chloropropham – comprehensive review. Environment International 49: 38-50.
Sonnewald, S. and Sonnewald, U., 2014. Regulation of potato tuber sprouting. Planta 239: 27-38.
Todoriki, S. and Hayashi, T., 2004. Sprout inhibition of potatoes with soft-electron (low-energy electron beams). Journal of the Science of Food and Agricuture 84: 1989-2144.
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Van Es, A. and Hartmans, K.J., 1987a. Starch and sugars during tuberization, storage and sprouting. In: Rastovski, A. and Van Es, A. (eds.) Storage of potatoes: post-harvest behavior, store design, storage practice and handling. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 79-113.
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Balaji, V., Chandra, S., Goswami, D.A., Das, S.K., Mandal, T.K., Chakraborty, A.K. and Bhattacharyya, A., 2006. Toxicokinetics, metabolism, and microsomal studies of chlorpropham in rats. CIPC Suppliers Prepared for Residue Limit 88: 527-539.
Bos, D., Van der Schans, D.A. and Losada, J.M., 2011. Air flow and chlorpropham (CIPC) emissions from a potato storage. PPO, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Bradshaw, N. and Ogilvy, S., 2006. Food standards agency pesticide residue minimization crop guide – potatoes. Food Standards Agency, London, UK. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/y9l7u8me.
Camire, M.E., Bushway, R.J., Zhao, J.X., Perkins, B. and Paradis, L.R., 1995. Fate of thiabendazole and chlorpropham residues in extruded potato peels. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 43: 495-497.
Carrera, G., Alary, J., Melgar, M.J., Lamboeuf, Y. and Pipy, B., 1998. Metabolism and cytotoxicity of chlorpropham (CIPC) and its essential metabolites in isolated rat hepatocytes during a partial inhibition of sulphation and glucuronidation reaction: a comparative study. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: 89-96.
Cools, K., Del Carmen Alamar, M. and Terry, L.A., 2014. Controlling sprouting in potato tubers using ultraviolet-C irradiance. Postharvest Biology and Technology 98: 106-114.
Costa, E., Silva, M., Galhano, C.I.C. and Moreira da Silva, A.M.M.G., 2007. A new sprout inhibitor of potato tuber based on carvone/b-cyclodextrin inclusion compound. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena Macrocyclic Chemistry 57: 121-124.
Daniels-Lake, B.J., Pruski, K. and Prange, R.K., 2011. Using ethylene gas and chlorpropham potato sprout inhibitors together. Potato Research 54: 223-236.
Dun, E.A., Brewer, P.B. and Beveridge, C.A., 2009. Strigolactones: discovery of the elusive shoot branching hormone. Trends in Plant Sciences 14: 364-372.
El-Awady Aml, A., Moghazy, A.M., Gouda, A.E.A. and Elshatoury, R.S.A., 2014. Inhibition of sprout growth and increase storability of processing potato by antisprouting agent. Trends in Horticultural Research 4: 31-40.
European Commission (EC), 2012. Commission implementing regulation (EU) No 788 (2012). Concerning a coordinated multiannual control programme of the Union for 2013, 2014 and 2015 to ensure compliance with maximum residue levels of pesticides and to assess the consumer exposure to pesticide residues in and on food of plant and animal origin. Official Journal of the European Union L 235: 8-27.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2012. Review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for chlorpropham according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/20051. EFSA Journal 10: 2584.
Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET), 1993. Chlorpropham. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/6h3q37x
Ezekiel, R. and Singh, B., 2007. Effect of cooking and processing on CIPC residue concentrations in potatoes and processed potato products. Potato Research 50: 175-184.
Ezekiel, R., Dahiya, P.S. and Shekhawat, G.S., 2002. Traditional methods of potato storage in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Technical Bulletin No. 57. Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla, HP, India.
Ezekiel, R., Mehta, A., Singh, B., Kumar, D., Kumar, N.R., Paul, V. and Das, M., 2005b. CIPC [Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] for sprout suppression in potatoes during storage. Technical Bulletin No. 69. Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla, India.
Ezekiel, R., Singh, B., Kumar, D. and Paul, V., 2003. Processing quality and CIPC residue in potatoes stored at 10-12 °C in commercial cold stores applying CIPC. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology: 489-494.
Ezekiel, R., Singh, B., Kumar, D., Paul, V. and Das, M., 2005a. Storage of potatoes at 10-12 °C with CIPC treatment in commercial cold stores. Potato Journal 32: 211-212.
Farawela, J., 2009. Microbial degradation of carbamate pesticides. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/m5l54e
Gomez-Castillo, D., Cruz, E., Iguaz, A., Arroqui, C. and Virseda, P., 2013. Effect of essential oils on sprout suppression and quality of potato cultivars. Postharvest Biology and Technology 82: 15-21.
Gomez-Roldan, V., Fermas, S., Brewer, P.B., Puech-Pages, V., Dun, E.A., Pillot, J.P., Letisse, F., Matusova, R., Danoun, S., Portais, J.C., Bouwmeester, H., Becard, G., Beveridge, C.A., Rameau, C. and Rochange, S.F., 2008. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. Nature 455: 189-194.
Hartley D. and Kidd, H., 1991 The agrochemicals handbook (3rd Ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK.
Hartmann, A., Senning, M., Hedden, P., Sonnewald, U. and Sonnewald, S., 2011. Reactivation of meristem activity and sprout growth in potato tubers require both cytokinin and gibberellin. Plant Physiology 155: 776-796.
Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2009. EU maximum residue levels (MRLs) – basic guidance. HSE, Bootle, UK. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ya8z5mks.
Kidd, H. and James, D.R. (eds.), 1991. The agrochemicals handbook (3rd Ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK.
Kleinkopf, G.E., Oberg, N.A. and Olsen, N.L., 2003. Sprout inhibition in storage current status, new chemistries and natural compounds. American Potato Journal 80: 317-327.
Kumar, D., Paul, V. and Ezekiel, R., 2005. Chipping quality of potatoes stored in heap and pits in sub-tropical plains of India. Horticultural Science 32: 23-30.
McGowan, G., Duncan, H., Briddon, A., Cunnington, A., Jina, A. and Saunders, S., 2009. Research report – evaluation of the impact of modified storage practices on sprout suppression. Potato Council, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, UK.
Mehta, A. and Singh, B., 2016. On-farm storage of table and processing potatoes in heaps. Indian Journal of Horticulture 73: 82-86.
Mehta, A., Singh, B., Ezekiel, R. and Kumar, D., 2010. Effect of CIPC on sprout inhibition and processing quality of potatoes stored under traditional storage system. Indian Potato Research 53: 1-15.
Mohammed, N.M.S., 2012. Extraction and HPLC analysis of potato sprout suppressant chemicals. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Available at: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3454
Mohammed, N.M.S., Flowers, T.H. and Duncan, H.J., 2014. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the analysis of chloropropham and 3-chloroaniline in potato extract. Chromatography Research International, Article ID: 108694.
Mohammed, N.M.S., Flowers, T.H. and Duncan, H.J., 2015. HPLC-UV method for analysis of potato sprout inhibitor chloropropham and its metabolite 3-chloroaniline in potatoes. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 9: 78-85.
Mori, K., Asano, K., Tamiya, S., Nakao, T. and Mori, M., 2015. Challenges of breeding potato cultivars to grow in various environments and to meet different demands. Breeding Science 65: 3-16.
Noel, S., Huyghebaert, B., Pigeon, O., Weickmans, B. and Mostade, O., 2004. Study of potato sprout inhibitor treatments with chlorpropham (or CIPC). Aspects of Applied Biology 71: 65-73.
North American Plant Protection Organisation (NAPPO), 2013. NAPPO science and technology documents – ST 02: efficacy of potato sprout control products to minimize sprout production. NAPPO, Raleigh, NC, USA.
O’Neil, M.J., Heckelman, P.E., Koch, C.B., Roman, K.J., Kenny, C.M. and D’Arecca, M.R., 2006. The Merck index – an encyclopedia of chemical, drugs, and biologicals (14th Ed.). Merck and Co Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
Olsen, N., Frazier, M.J. and Kleinkopf, G., 2013. High-energy ionizing treatment for potato sprout control. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/y9euxfay
Orejuela, E. and Silva, M., 2005. Rapid determination of aniline metabolites of chlorpropham in potatoes by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using negative-charged mixed micelles and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 26: 2991-2998.
Park, L., Duncan, H., Briddon, A., Jina, A., Cunnington, A. and Saunders, S., 2009. Review and development of the CIPC application process and evaluation of environmental issues. AHDB-Potato Council, Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, Kenilworth, UK.
Park, L.J., 2004. Chlorpropham distribution in potato stores and evaluation of environmental issues relating to its use. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Available at: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4402/1/2004ParkPhD.pdf
Pasare, S.A., Ducreux, L.J.M., Morris, W.L., Campbell, R., Sharma, S.K., Roumeliotis, E., Kohlen, W., Van der Krol, S., Bramley, P.M., Roberts, A.G., Fraser, P.D. and Taylor, M.A., 2013. The role of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) CCD8 gene in stolon and tuber development. New Phytologist 198: 1108-1120.
Paul, V. and Ezekiel, R., 2013.Scientific storage options crucial for potatoes. Agriculture Today, New Delhi, India.
Paul, V., Ezekiel, R. and Pandey, R., 2016. Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53: 1-18.
Paul, V., Ezekiel, R., Pandey, R. and Kumar, D., 2014. Potential of glyphosate as a sprout suppressant of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) tubers during storage. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 19: 293-305.
Ritchie, W., Boyd, I.M.G. and Duncan, H.J., 1983. A method for the determination of chloropropham residues in crisps and crisp frying oil. Potato Research 26: 73-77.
Sakaliene, O., Koskinen, W.C., Blazauskiene, G. and Petroviene, I., 2009. Level and fate of chlorpropham in potatoes during storage and processing. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, part B 44: 1-6.
Sanli, A., Karadogan, T., Tonguc, M. and Baydar, H., 2010. Effects of caraway (Carum carvi L.) seed on sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers under different temperature conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15: 54-58.
Sawyer, R.L. and Malagamba, J.P., 1987. Sprout inhibition. In: Talburt, W.F., Smith, O. (eds.) Potato processing. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA, pp. 183-202.
Sihtmaee, M., Mortimer, M., Kahru, A. and Blinova, I., 2010. Toxicity of five anilines to crustaceans, protozoa and bacteria. Journal of Serbian Chemical Society 75: 1291-1302.
Singh, B. and Ezekiel, R., 2010. Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) residue in potatoes stored in commercial cold stores in India. Potato Research 53: 111-120.
Skidmore, M.W., Paulson, G.D., Kuiper, H.A., Ohlin, B. and Reynolds, S., 2002. Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin. Pest Management Science 58: 313.
Smith, M.J. and Bucher, G., 2012. Tools to study the degradation and loss of the N-phenyl carbamate chloropropham – comprehensive review. Environment International 49: 38-50.
Sonnewald, S. and Sonnewald, U., 2014. Regulation of potato tuber sprouting. Planta 239: 27-38.
Todoriki, S. and Hayashi, T., 2004. Sprout inhibition of potatoes with soft-electron (low-energy electron beams). Journal of the Science of Food and Agricuture 84: 1989-2144.
Topcu, Y., Uzundumlu, A.S. and Guler, I.O., 2010. Economic effectiveness analyses of potato farms: the case of Erzurum province, Turkey. Scientific Research Essays 5: 2560-2566.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 1996. Registration eligibility decision (RED) – Chlorpropham (EPA-738-R-96-023). EPA, Washington, DC, USA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2002. EPA completes CIPC reassessment. Potato grower. EPA, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/y8sufhnm.
Van Es, A. and Hartmans, K.J., 1987a. Starch and sugars during tuberization, storage and sprouting. In: Rastovski, A. and Van Es, A. (eds.) Storage of potatoes: post-harvest behavior, store design, storage practice and handling. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 79-113.
Van Es, A. and Hartmans, K.J., 1987b. Dormancy, sprouting and sprout inhibition. In: Rastovski, A. and Van Es, A. (eds.) Storage of potatoes: post-harvest behaviour, store design, storage practice, handling. Pudoc, Wageningen. the Netherlands, pp. 114-132.
Vaughn, K.C. and Lehnen, L.P., 1991. Mitotic disrupter herbicides. Weed Science 39: 450-457.
Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), 1989. Herbicide handbook of the WSSA Herbicide Handbook Committee (6th Ed.). WSSA, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Jan 30, 2018
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