The lipid fraction of seeds from Salvia columbariae grown in Arizona
Main Article Content
Keywords
chemotaxonomy, fatty acid composition, nutritional value, Salvia columbariae, vitamin E active compounds
Abstract
The oil contents and the composition of fatty acids and tocopherols of sixteen samples from Salvia columbariae collected in Arizona were investigated. The samples are characterised by high oil content ranging from 19.2 to 36.5 g/100 g with ?-linolenic acid as main fatty acid (59.4 to 65.7 g/100 g). The seeds contain linoleic acid (15.9 to 20.9 g/100 g) and oleic acid (8.5 to 10.7 g/100 g) as well as palmitic and stearic acid in remarkable amounts. The 18:3/18:2 ratio could be an interesting chemotaxonomic feature to differentiate S. columbariae from other members of the genus Salvia. The content of vitamin E active compounds ranged from 82.8 to 536.5 mg/kg, mainly dominated by ?-tocopherol. From the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E active compounds, it can be suggested that seeds and seed oil from S. columbariae may constitute high-value products for healthy nutrition.
References
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Ayerza, R. and Coates, W., 2007. Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three botanical sources of omega-3 fatty acid planted in the Yungas ecosystem of tropical Argentina. Tropical Science 47: 183-187.
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Bucher, H.C., Hengstler, P., Schindler, Ch. and Meier, G., 2001. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Medicine 112: 298-304.
Chan, T.Y., 2001. Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Annals of Pharmacotherapy 35: 501-504.
Coelho de Souza, G.P. and Elisabetsky, E., 1998. Ethnobotany and anticonvulsant properties of Lamiaceae from Rio Grand do Sul (Brasil). Lamiales Newsletter 6: 10-13.
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Djousé, L., Arnett, D.K., Pankow, J.S., Hopkins, P.N., Province, M.A. and Ellison, R.C., 2005. Dietary linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Hypertension45: 368-373.
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Galli, C. and Calder, P.C., 2009. Effects of fat and fatty acid intake on inflammatory and immune responses: a critical review. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 55: 123-139.
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Ji, X.Y., Tan, B.K. and Zhu, Y.Z., 2000. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica21: 1089-1094.
Jiang, Q., Elson-Schwab, I., Courtemanche, C. and Ames, B.N., 2000. Gamma tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 11494-11499.
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Kilic, T., Dirmenci, T. and Gören, A.C., 2007. Chemotaxonomic evaluation of species of Turkish Salvia: fatty acid composition of seed oils. II. Records of Natural Products 1: 17-23.
Lei, X.L. and Chiou, G.C., 1986. Cardiovascular pharmacology of Panax notoginseng (Burk) and Salvia miltiorrhiza. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 14: 145-152.
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Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D.M. and Katan, M.B., 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition77: 1146-1155.
Mozaffarian, D., 2005. Does alpha-linolenic acid intake reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? A review of the evidence. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 11: 24-30.
Olejnik, D., Gogolewski, M. and Nogala-Kalucka, M., 1997. Isolation and some properties of plastochromanol-8. Nahrung 41: 101-104.
Papas, A.M., 1993. Oil-soluble antioxidants in foods. Toxicology and Industrial Health 9: 123-149.
Pongracz, G., Weiser, H. and Matzinger, D., 1995. Tocopherole – Antioxidantien der Natur. Fat Science and Technology 97: 90-104.
Simopoulos, A.P., 2008. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine 233: 674-688.
Siri-Tarino, P.W., Sun, Q., Hu, F.B. and Krauss, R.M., 2010. Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12: 384-390.
Standley, P. and Williams, L., 1973. Labiatae. Fieldiana Botany 24: 237-317.
Stephens, N.G., Parsons, A., Schofield, P.M., Kelly, F., Cheeseman, K. and Mitchinson, M.J., 1996. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge heart antioxidant study (CHAOS). The Lancet 347: 781-786.
Taga, M.S., Miller, E.E. and Pratt, D.E., 1984. Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxiants. Journal of American Oil Chemist’ Society61: 928-931.
Velasco, L. and Goffman, F., 1999. Chemotaxonomic significance of fatty acids and tocopherols in Boraginaceae. Phytochemistry 52: 423-426.
Aitzetmüller, K., 1993. Capillary GLC fatty acid fingerprints of seed lipids – a tool in plant chemotaxonomy. Journal of High Resolution Chromotography 16: 488-490.
American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), 1996. Official methods and recommended practices: physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats and waxes; section I. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, USA.
Ayerza, R. and Coates, W., 2007. Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three botanical sources of omega-3 fatty acid planted in the Yungas ecosystem of tropical Argentina. Tropical Science 47: 183-187.
Bagci, E., Vural, M., Dirmenci, T., Brühl, L. and Aitzetmüller, K., 2004. Fatty acid and tocochromanol patterns of some Salvia L. species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 59c: 305-309.
Bucher, H.C., Hengstler, P., Schindler, Ch. and Meier, G., 2001. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Medicine 112: 298-304.
Chan, T.Y., 2001. Interaction between warfarin and danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). Annals of Pharmacotherapy 35: 501-504.
Coelho de Souza, G.P. and Elisabetsky, E., 1998. Ethnobotany and anticonvulsant properties of Lamiaceae from Rio Grand do Sul (Brasil). Lamiales Newsletter 6: 10-13.
De Lorgeri, M. and Salen, P., 2004. Alpah-linolenic acid and coronary heart diseases. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases 14: 162-169.
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft e.V. (DGF), 2011. Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen. Einschlie?l. 15. Akt. Lfg. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany.
Dietrich, M., Traber, M.G., Jacques, P.F., Cross, C.E., Hu, Y. and Block, G., 2006. Does gamma-tocopherol play a role in the primary prevention of heart disease and cancer? A review. The Journal of the American College of Nutrition25: 292-299.
Djousé, L., Arnett, D.K., Pankow, J.S., Hopkins, P.N., Province, M.A. and Ellison, R.C., 2005. Dietary linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Hypertension45: 368-373.
Ferlay, V., Mallet, G., Masson, A., Ucciani, E. and Guber, M., 1993. Fatty acid composition of seed oils from spontaneous species of Mediterranean South-East Area. Oleagineux48: 91-97.
Galli, C. and Calder, P.C., 2009. Effects of fat and fatty acid intake on inflammatory and immune responses: a critical review. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 55: 123-139.
Gogus, U., 2010. N-3 omega fatty acids: a review of current knowledge. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 45: 417-439.
Hagemann, J.M., Earle, F.R., Wolfe, I.A. and Barclay, A.S., 1967. Search for new industrial oils XIV. Seed oils of Labiatae. Lipids 2: 371-380.
International Standardisation Organisation (ISO), 2000. ISO 5509:2000. Animal and vegetable fats and oils – preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. ISO copyright office, Geneva, Switzerland.
International Standardisation Organisation (ISO), 2009. ISO 659:2009. Oilseeds – determination of oil content (reference method). ISO copyright office, Geneva, Switzerland.
Ji, X.Y., Tan, B.K. and Zhu, Y.Z., 2000. Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica21: 1089-1094.
Jiang, Q., Elson-Schwab, I., Courtemanche, C. and Ames, B.N., 2000. Gamma tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 11494-11499.
Jiang, Q., Lykkesfeldt, J., Shigenaga, M.K., Shigeno, E.T., Christen, S. and Ames, B.N., 2002. Gamma-tocopherol supplementation inhibits protein nitration and ascorbate oxidation in rats with inflammation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 33:1534-1542.
Kilic, T., Dirmenci, T. and Gören, A.C., 2007. Chemotaxonomic evaluation of species of Turkish Salvia: fatty acid composition of seed oils. II. Records of Natural Products 1: 17-23.
Lei, X.L. and Chiou, G.C., 1986. Cardiovascular pharmacology of Panax notoginseng (Burk) and Salvia miltiorrhiza. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 14: 145-152.
Matthäus, B., 2012. The new database seed oil fatty acids (SOFA). Lipid Technology 24: 230-234.
Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D.M. and Katan, M.B., 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition77: 1146-1155.
Mozaffarian, D., 2005. Does alpha-linolenic acid intake reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? A review of the evidence. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 11: 24-30.
Olejnik, D., Gogolewski, M. and Nogala-Kalucka, M., 1997. Isolation and some properties of plastochromanol-8. Nahrung 41: 101-104.
Papas, A.M., 1993. Oil-soluble antioxidants in foods. Toxicology and Industrial Health 9: 123-149.
Pongracz, G., Weiser, H. and Matzinger, D., 1995. Tocopherole – Antioxidantien der Natur. Fat Science and Technology 97: 90-104.
Simopoulos, A.P., 2008. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Experimental Biology and Medicine 233: 674-688.
Siri-Tarino, P.W., Sun, Q., Hu, F.B. and Krauss, R.M., 2010. Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12: 384-390.
Standley, P. and Williams, L., 1973. Labiatae. Fieldiana Botany 24: 237-317.
Stephens, N.G., Parsons, A., Schofield, P.M., Kelly, F., Cheeseman, K. and Mitchinson, M.J., 1996. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge heart antioxidant study (CHAOS). The Lancet 347: 781-786.
Taga, M.S., Miller, E.E. and Pratt, D.E., 1984. Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxiants. Journal of American Oil Chemist’ Society61: 928-931.
Velasco, L. and Goffman, F., 1999. Chemotaxonomic significance of fatty acids and tocopherols in Boraginaceae. Phytochemistry 52: 423-426.
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Jun 2, 2015
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