Towards harmonized approaches for mycotoxin analyses: an assessment
Main Article Content
Keywords
analysis, legislation, mycotoxin, sampling
Abstract
Mycotoxins (the poisonous metabolites of certain filamentous fungi) are potential contaminants of staple food commodities and, if uncontrolled, may present a significant public health hazard. In many jurisdictions, questions relating to mycotoxin contamination are addressed at both generic and specific levels by food-safety legislation. Key to the successful management of the mycotoxin question, both in terms of verifying food-safety measures by the agri-food businesses and ensuring compliance with statutory limits by enforcement agencies, is the use of reliable sampling and analytical methodology. Evidence from European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed data suggest that harmonization of methodologies used to determine the mycotoxin content of foods would contribute to improved compliance at both regulatory and commercial levels.
References
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Charmley L.L., Trenholm H.L, Prelusky D.B., Rosenberg A.(1995) Economic losses and decontamination.Natural Toxins,3, 199–203.
Commission Decision 2002/657 EC of 12 August 2002implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Official Journal of the European Union L125, 10-32.
Commission Decision 2006/504/EC of 12 July 2006 on special conditions governing certain foodstuffs imported from certain third countries due to contamination risks of these products by aflatoxins Official Journal of the European Union L199,21-32.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs.Official Journal of the European Union L70, 12-34.
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Hook S.C.W. (2004) Project Report 349: A national grain sampling and analysis system for improved food marketing and safety, Home Grown Cereals Authority, London, 92pp.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (1993).International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (ISO VIM DGUIDE 99999). Available at http://www.iso.org/
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) (1995).Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), ISO/IEC Guide 98:1995. ISO, Geneva.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (1999).Cereals, pulses and milled products – Sampling of static batches, ISO 13690:1999. ISO, Geneva.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (2005).General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC 17025:2005. ISO, Geneva.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – IUPAC(1995) Protocol for the design, conduct, and interpretation of method performance studies.Pure and Applied Chemistry,67,331–343.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – (IUPAC)(1997) Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Available at http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/U06553.pdf
MacArthur R., MacDonald S., Bereton P., Murray A. (2006)Statistical modelling as an aid to the design of retail sampling plans for mycotoxins in food.Food Additives and Contaminants,23, 84–92.
Maestroni B., Bettaglio M., Ambrus A., Rathor M.N. (2005)Estimation of the uncertainty of sample processing for the analysis of fumonisin FB1in maize.Proceedings of the BCPCInternational Congress: Crop Science and Technology,1,411–416.
MoniQA (2007) http://www.moniqa.org/
National Association of British and Irish Millers (nabimTM)(2005) Recommended code of practice for mill intake available at http://www.nabim.org.uk/images/pdf/Recommended%20Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Mill%20Intake%20-%20Feb%202005.pdf
Ramsey M.H., Lyn J., Wood R. (2001) Optimised uncertainty at minimum overall cost to achieve fitness-for-purpose in food analysis. Analyst,126, 1777–1783.
Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed – RASFF (2008) Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/index_en.htmLast accessed 10 June 2008
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Official Journal of the European communities L31, 1-24.
Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs.Official Journal of the European Union L226, 3-21.
Solfrizzo M., Alldrick A.J., van Egmond H.P. (2009) The use of mycotoxin methodology in practice: a need for harmonization.Quality Assurance and Safety in Crops & Foods,1, 120–131.
Spanjer M.C., Scholten J.M., Kastrup S., Jorissen U., Schatzki T.F., Toyofuku N. Sample communition for mycotoxin analysis: dry milling or slurry mixing?Food Additives and Contaminants,23, 73–83.
Stroka J., van Egmond H.P. (2006) How to deal with measurement uncertainty in routine mycotoxin determination. In: The Mycotoxin Factbookeds Barug D., Bhatnagar D., van Egmond H.P., van der Kamp. J.W., vanOsenbruggen W.A., Visconti A. Wageningen AcademicPublishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 295–310.
Whitaker T.B., Johansson A.S. (2005) Sampling uncertainties for the detection of chemical agents in complex food matrices.Journal Food Protection,68, 1306–1313.
Charmley L.L., Trenholm H.L, Prelusky D.B., Rosenberg A.(1995) Economic losses and decontamination.Natural Toxins,3, 199–203.
Commission Decision 2002/657 EC of 12 August 2002implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of results. Official Journal of the European Union L125, 10-32.
Commission Decision 2006/504/EC of 12 July 2006 on special conditions governing certain foodstuffs imported from certain third countries due to contamination risks of these products by aflatoxins Official Journal of the European Union L199,21-32.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs.Official Journal of the European Union L70, 12-34.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L364, 5-24.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 of 8 February 1993 laying down Community procedures for contaminants in food.Official Journal of the European Communities L37, 1-3.
Council Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 (as amended by Commission Regulation 776/2006) on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2004R0882:20060525:EN:PDFLast accessed 10 June 2008.
European Commission (2007)The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). annual report 2006. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/report2006_en.pdf
European Commission – DG SANCO (2008) Guidance document for competent authorities for the control of compliance with eu legislation on aflatoxins. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/contaminants/aflatoxin_guidance_en.pdf
Hook S.C.W. (2004) Project Report 349: A national grain sampling and analysis system for improved food marketing and safety, Home Grown Cereals Authority, London, 92pp.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (1993).International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (ISO VIM DGUIDE 99999). Available at http://www.iso.org/
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) (1995).Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), ISO/IEC Guide 98:1995. ISO, Geneva.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (1999).Cereals, pulses and milled products – Sampling of static batches, ISO 13690:1999. ISO, Geneva.
International Organisation for Standardisation – (ISO) (2005).General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC 17025:2005. ISO, Geneva.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – IUPAC(1995) Protocol for the design, conduct, and interpretation of method performance studies.Pure and Applied Chemistry,67,331–343.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry – (IUPAC)(1997) Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Available at http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/U06553.pdf
MacArthur R., MacDonald S., Bereton P., Murray A. (2006)Statistical modelling as an aid to the design of retail sampling plans for mycotoxins in food.Food Additives and Contaminants,23, 84–92.
Maestroni B., Bettaglio M., Ambrus A., Rathor M.N. (2005)Estimation of the uncertainty of sample processing for the analysis of fumonisin FB1in maize.Proceedings of the BCPCInternational Congress: Crop Science and Technology,1,411–416.
MoniQA (2007) http://www.moniqa.org/
National Association of British and Irish Millers (nabimTM)(2005) Recommended code of practice for mill intake available at http://www.nabim.org.uk/images/pdf/Recommended%20Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Mill%20Intake%20-%20Feb%202005.pdf
Ramsey M.H., Lyn J., Wood R. (2001) Optimised uncertainty at minimum overall cost to achieve fitness-for-purpose in food analysis. Analyst,126, 1777–1783.
Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed – RASFF (2008) Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/index_en.htmLast accessed 10 June 2008
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Official Journal of the European communities L31, 1-24.
Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs.Official Journal of the European Union L226, 3-21.
Solfrizzo M., Alldrick A.J., van Egmond H.P. (2009) The use of mycotoxin methodology in practice: a need for harmonization.Quality Assurance and Safety in Crops & Foods,1, 120–131.
Spanjer M.C., Scholten J.M., Kastrup S., Jorissen U., Schatzki T.F., Toyofuku N. Sample communition for mycotoxin analysis: dry milling or slurry mixing?Food Additives and Contaminants,23, 73–83.
Stroka J., van Egmond H.P. (2006) How to deal with measurement uncertainty in routine mycotoxin determination. In: The Mycotoxin Factbookeds Barug D., Bhatnagar D., van Egmond H.P., van der Kamp. J.W., vanOsenbruggen W.A., Visconti A. Wageningen AcademicPublishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. pp. 295–310.
Whitaker T.B., Johansson A.S. (2005) Sampling uncertainties for the detection of chemical agents in complex food matrices.Journal Food Protection,68, 1306–1313.
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Jun 30, 2009
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