Milk adulteration with melamine in China: crisis and response
Main Article Content
Keywords
food safety, melamine, milk adulteration
Abstract
Objectives To addresses milk adulteration with melamine in China, and share lessons which both the government and the food industry can draw from this incident. Methods Searching information and data from academic databases, official papers and related websites. Results Melamine’s high nitrogen content and its undefined toxicity to humans, encourages people to add it to food to increase the protein content. The adulteration has caused great impacts on the public health and milk industry in China. Conclusion Standardized production and reform of food safety supervision systems are needed to bring a higher degree of food safety in China.
References
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Barrett M.P., Gilbert I.H. (2006) Targeting of toxic compounds to the trypanosome’s interior.Advanced Parasitology,63, 125–183.
Colby R.W., Mesler R.J. Jr. (1958) Ruminant feed compositions, US Patent No. 2819968, 1958.
China Chemical Industry News(2007) Review of last 50 years melamine production in China.China Chemical industry news. Available at http://www.ccin.com.cn/front/home/templet/default/ShowArticle.jsp?id=23026
Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards (2005) Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports. ReportNo. 31207. 2005. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/trade/standards. Last accessed 1 October 2005.
Hauck R.D., Stephenson H.F. (1964) Nitrification of triazine nitrogen.Fertilizer Nitrogen Sources,12, 147–51.
Ishiwata H., Inoue T., Yamazaki T., Yoshihira K. (1987) Liquid chromatographic determination of melamine in beverages.Journal of Association Official Analytical Chemistry,70,457–460.
Jiaming W. (2008) General situation and prospect of melanin development in China.Chemical Engineering Design Communications,34, 15–22.
Lipschize W.L., Stokey E. (1945) The mode of action of three new diuretics: melamine, adenine and formoguanamine.Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,83, 235–249.
Mast R., Jeffcoat A., Sadler B., Kraska R.C., Friedman M.A. (1983)Metabolism, disposition and excretion of [14c] melamine in male Fischer 344 rats.Food Chemistry Toxicology,21, 807–810.
Ministry of Agriculture, National Development and ReformCommission, et al. (2008) The plan to clean up and revive the dairy industry. Available at http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-11/19/content_1154518.htm
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, State Administration for Industry and Commerce and AQSIQ (2008) The maximum limit of melamine in baby formula milk powder, liquid milk(including raw milk), milk powder and other formula milk powder. Available at http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/NewsRelease/NewsUpdates/200810/t20081014_93410.htm
Ministry of Health (MOH) (2008) Bulletin about the medical treatment progresses of sick babies and children, 1 December,2008. Available at http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s3582/200812/38386.htm
Newton G.L., Utley P.R. (1978) Melamine as a dietary nitrogen source for ruminants.Journal of Animal Science,47, 1338–1344.
Ruilin W. (2006) Melamine capacity is serious surplus.ChinaChemical Reporter,17, 19–21.
Sancho J.V., Iba ?n ?ez M., Grimalt S., Pozo O ?.J., Herna ?ndez F.(2005) Residue determination of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in chard samples by ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.Analytical Chemical Acta,530, 237–243.
Shepherd A.W. (2005) Associations of market traders: their roles and potential for future development. AgriculturalManagement, Marketing and Finance Service (AGSF)Occasional Paper 7, FAO, Rome, 2005.
Snyder A. (2007) Protein pretense.Scientific American Magazine,297, 18–20.
Standardization Administration of the PRC (2008a) Rapid determination of melamine in raw milk: high performance liquid chromatography method, 15 October 2008. Available at http://www.sac.gov.cn/upload/081015/0810151356146180.pdf
Standardization Administration of the PRC (2008b)
Determination of melamine in raw milk and dairy products, 7 October 2008. Available at http://www.sac.gov.cn/upload/081008/0810081056426910.pdf
State Council of PRC (2008) Regulation on the supervision and administration of the quality and safety of dairy products.Available at http://www.lawinfochina.com/Law/displayModeTwo.asp?id=7137&keyword
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2007) InterimMelamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment, 25 May http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/melamra.html
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2008) Pet Food Recall(Melamine)/Tainted Animal Feed, 6 February 2008. Available at http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/petfood.html
Xinhuanet (2008) Crisis management helps China’s dairy industry recover. Xinhuanet, 25 September 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/25/content_10112354.htm
Xinhua (2008a) China overhauls feed makers after milk, egg scandal. Xinhua, 2 November 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/02/content_7165336.htm
Xinhua (2008b) China plans compensation after tainted milk scandal. Xinhua, 11 December 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/11/content_7292226.htm
Xinhua (2008c) China to destroy 10,000 tons of contaminated baby formula.Xinhua, 15 September 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/15/content_7028196.htm
Xinhua (2008d) Emergency response begins over milk powder incident. Xinhua, 14 September 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/14/content_7025523.htm
Xinhua (2008e) 130 milk producers remain closed after scandal. Xinhua, November 6 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/06/content_7179543.htm
Ye Y. (2008) Melamine: the surplus domestic production capacity released in the international market.Chemical EnterpriseManagement,5, 78–80.
Zhang J. (2008). Safe dairy food on market with ‘melamine-free’labelling.China.org.cn,September 25, 2008. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/china/national/2008-09/25/content_16534156.htm
Zhu Z. (2008a) Dairy goods’ exports see massive fall.China Daily,2 December 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-12/02/content_7259407.htm
Zhu Z. (2008b) Govt shows Milky Way to troubled dairy firms.China Daily, 20 November 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/20/content_7221506.htm
Zhu Z., Bolin H. (2008) Pre-Sept 14 dairy products ordered off shelves.China Daily, Oct 15, 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/15/content_7105782.htm
Zhu Z., Xiaohuo C. (2008) 22 dairy firms to pay $160 m in compensation.China Daily, Dec 30, 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/30/content_7353348.htm
Barrett M.P., Gilbert I.H. (2006) Targeting of toxic compounds to the trypanosome’s interior.Advanced Parasitology,63, 125–183.
Colby R.W., Mesler R.J. Jr. (1958) Ruminant feed compositions, US Patent No. 2819968, 1958.
China Chemical Industry News(2007) Review of last 50 years melamine production in China.China Chemical industry news. Available at http://www.ccin.com.cn/front/home/templet/default/ShowArticle.jsp?id=23026
Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards (2005) Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports. ReportNo. 31207. 2005. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/trade/standards. Last accessed 1 October 2005.
Hauck R.D., Stephenson H.F. (1964) Nitrification of triazine nitrogen.Fertilizer Nitrogen Sources,12, 147–51.
Ishiwata H., Inoue T., Yamazaki T., Yoshihira K. (1987) Liquid chromatographic determination of melamine in beverages.Journal of Association Official Analytical Chemistry,70,457–460.
Jiaming W. (2008) General situation and prospect of melanin development in China.Chemical Engineering Design Communications,34, 15–22.
Lipschize W.L., Stokey E. (1945) The mode of action of three new diuretics: melamine, adenine and formoguanamine.Journal ofPharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,83, 235–249.
Mast R., Jeffcoat A., Sadler B., Kraska R.C., Friedman M.A. (1983)Metabolism, disposition and excretion of [14c] melamine in male Fischer 344 rats.Food Chemistry Toxicology,21, 807–810.
Ministry of Agriculture, National Development and ReformCommission, et al. (2008) The plan to clean up and revive the dairy industry. Available at http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-11/19/content_1154518.htm
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, State Administration for Industry and Commerce and AQSIQ (2008) The maximum limit of melamine in baby formula milk powder, liquid milk(including raw milk), milk powder and other formula milk powder. Available at http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/NewsRelease/NewsUpdates/200810/t20081014_93410.htm
Ministry of Health (MOH) (2008) Bulletin about the medical treatment progresses of sick babies and children, 1 December,2008. Available at http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohbgt/s3582/200812/38386.htm
Newton G.L., Utley P.R. (1978) Melamine as a dietary nitrogen source for ruminants.Journal of Animal Science,47, 1338–1344.
Ruilin W. (2006) Melamine capacity is serious surplus.ChinaChemical Reporter,17, 19–21.
Sancho J.V., Iba ?n ?ez M., Grimalt S., Pozo O ?.J., Herna ?ndez F.(2005) Residue determination of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in chard samples by ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.Analytical Chemical Acta,530, 237–243.
Shepherd A.W. (2005) Associations of market traders: their roles and potential for future development. AgriculturalManagement, Marketing and Finance Service (AGSF)Occasional Paper 7, FAO, Rome, 2005.
Snyder A. (2007) Protein pretense.Scientific American Magazine,297, 18–20.
Standardization Administration of the PRC (2008a) Rapid determination of melamine in raw milk: high performance liquid chromatography method, 15 October 2008. Available at http://www.sac.gov.cn/upload/081015/0810151356146180.pdf
Standardization Administration of the PRC (2008b)
Determination of melamine in raw milk and dairy products, 7 October 2008. Available at http://www.sac.gov.cn/upload/081008/0810081056426910.pdf
State Council of PRC (2008) Regulation on the supervision and administration of the quality and safety of dairy products.Available at http://www.lawinfochina.com/Law/displayModeTwo.asp?id=7137&keyword
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2007) InterimMelamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment, 25 May http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/melamra.html
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2008) Pet Food Recall(Melamine)/Tainted Animal Feed, 6 February 2008. Available at http://www.fda.gov/oc/opacom/hottopics/petfood.html
Xinhuanet (2008) Crisis management helps China’s dairy industry recover. Xinhuanet, 25 September 2008. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/25/content_10112354.htm
Xinhua (2008a) China overhauls feed makers after milk, egg scandal. Xinhua, 2 November 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/02/content_7165336.htm
Xinhua (2008b) China plans compensation after tainted milk scandal. Xinhua, 11 December 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/11/content_7292226.htm
Xinhua (2008c) China to destroy 10,000 tons of contaminated baby formula.Xinhua, 15 September 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/15/content_7028196.htm
Xinhua (2008d) Emergency response begins over milk powder incident. Xinhua, 14 September 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/14/content_7025523.htm
Xinhua (2008e) 130 milk producers remain closed after scandal. Xinhua, November 6 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/06/content_7179543.htm
Ye Y. (2008) Melamine: the surplus domestic production capacity released in the international market.Chemical EnterpriseManagement,5, 78–80.
Zhang J. (2008). Safe dairy food on market with ‘melamine-free’labelling.China.org.cn,September 25, 2008. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/china/national/2008-09/25/content_16534156.htm
Zhu Z. (2008a) Dairy goods’ exports see massive fall.China Daily,2 December 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-12/02/content_7259407.htm
Zhu Z. (2008b) Govt shows Milky Way to troubled dairy firms.China Daily, 20 November 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-11/20/content_7221506.htm
Zhu Z., Bolin H. (2008) Pre-Sept 14 dairy products ordered off shelves.China Daily, Oct 15, 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-10/15/content_7105782.htm
Zhu Z., Xiaohuo C. (2008) 22 dairy firms to pay $160 m in compensation.China Daily, Dec 30, 2008. Available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/30/content_7353348.htm
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Jun 30, 2009
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